Evaluation of Amendments to Control Phosphorus Losses in Runoff from Pig Slurry Applications to Land

If spread in excess of crop requirements, incidental phosphorus (P) losses from agriculture can lead to eutrophication of receiving waters. The use of amendments in targeted areas may help reduce the possibility of surface runoff of nutrients. The aim of this study was to identify amendments which may be effective in reducing incidental dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) losses in surface runoff from land applied pig slurry. For this purpose, the DRP losses under simulated conditions across the surface of intact grassland soil cores, loaded with unamended and amended slurry at a rate equivalent to 19 kg P ha^?1, were determined over a 30 h period. The effectiveness of the amendments at reducing DRP in overlying water were (in decreasing order): alum (86%), flue gas desulfurization by‐product (FGD) (74%), poly‐aluminum (Al) chloride (PAC) (73%), ferric chloride (71%), fly ash (58%), and lime (54%). FGD was the most costly of all the treatments (€7.64/m³ for 74% removal). Ranked in terms of feasibility, which takes into account effectiveness, cost, and other potential impediments to use, they were: alum, ferric chloride, PAC, fly ash, lime, and FGD.     

Using the precision of the mean to estimate suitable sample sizes for monitoring total phosphorus in Australian catchments

The effect of the sample size on prediction quality is well understood. Recently, studies have assessed this relationship using near‐continuous water quality samples. However, this is rarely possible because of financial constraints, and therefore, many studies have relied on simulation‐based methods utilizing more affordable surrogates. A limitation of simulation‐based methods is the requirement of a good relationship, which is often not present. Therefore, catchment managers require a direct method to estimate the effect of sample size on the mean using historical water quality data. One measure of prediction quality is the precision with which a mean is estimated; this is the focus of this work. By characterizing the effect of sample size on the precision of the mean, it is possible for catchment managers to adjust the sample size in relation to both the cost and the precision. Historical data are often sparse and generally collected using several different sampling schemes, all without inclusion probabilities. This means that an approach is needed to obtain unbiased estimates of the variance of the mean using a model‐based approach. With the use of total phosphorus data from 17 sub‐catchments in southeastern Australia, the ability of a model‐based approach to estimate the effect of sample size on the precision of event and base‐flow mean concentrations. The results showed that for estimating annual base‐flow mean concentration, little gain in precision was achieved above 12 observations per year. Sample sizes greater than 12 samples per event improved event‐based estimates; however, the inclusion of more than 12 samples per event did not greatly reduce the event mean concentration uncertainties. The precision of the base‐flow estimates was most correlated to percentage urban cover, whereas the precision of the event mean estimates was most correlated with catchment size. The method proposed in this work could be readily applied to other water quality variables and other monitoring sites. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

过氧化钙对水中低浓度磷的去除性能

针对水体中低浓度磷深度净化问题,以过氧化钙为吸附剂,采用等温吸附、吸附热力学模型和吸附动力学模型的方法开展其对磷酸盐吸附特性的研究,讨论p H、共存阴离子对其除磷过程的干扰能力.结果表明:(1)过氧化钙对磷酸盐的吸附等温线方程符合Langmuir方程,过氧化钙对磷酸盐的最大吸附量为381.7 mg/g(25℃);(2)过氧化钙在除磷过程中系统的热力学参数ΔG00,ΔH00,即过氧化钙对磷的吸附作用是一个自发的放热过程;(3)二级反应速率方程可精准地描述过氧化钙的吸附行为,其吸附速率随着溶液中磷酸盐浓度的升高而升高,经过4 min即可达到吸附平衡;(4)过氧化钙在p H=8时除磷效果达到最佳;(5)高浓度倍数的共存阴离子中,CO2-3对过氧化钙除磷影响最大,在10倍浓度下可造成吸附量减少14.7%.     

天津围海造陆区吹填土氮磷的分布特征

天津临港经济区地处滨海, 完全是由填海造陆形成的人工陆地。土壤是港口航道清淤淤泥、近海海沙吹填围海造陆后形成的吹填土, 其性质特殊, 研究吹填土壤中氮磷空间分布对了解该区域环境状况有重要意义。研究发现:天津临港吹填土整体含氮量较低, 按土层深度分布, 平均质量分数为161.73~240.09 mg/kg;含磷量相对丰富, 平均质量分数为355.54~443.27 mg/kg;总氮变异系数较大, 总磷变异系数较小, 氮、磷质量分数主要受不同区域吹填土性质影响。吹填土中有机磷质量分数较少, 平均仅占总磷的3.83%, 吹填土中磷大多以无机磷形式存在, 其相对质量分数从大到小为:钙结合磷(Ca-P) >铁结合磷(Fe-P) >铝结合磷(Al-P) >闭蓄态磷(Oc-P) >碎屑磷(De-P) >交换态磷(Ex-P)。研究表明, 临港吹填土氮、磷质量分数水平对近海环境有潜在富营养污染威胁。     

生态系统氮磷比化学计量特征研究进展

通过对国内外关于氮磷比化学计量特征研究文献的大量阅读,总结了在陆地生态系统和水域生态系统中氮磷比化学计量特征的意义。在陆地生态系统中,土壤中的氮磷比与固氮共生体及非共生体的生物固氮量呈反比例关系;土壤中的氮磷比化学计量特征发生变化会影响植被动态;土壤中氮磷比化学计量特征的变化对物种多样性及生产力产生影响,尤其是磷限制濒危物种的生产力及丰富度;植物体中的氮磷比化学计量特征可以体现氮和磷两种营养元素的供应状况及相对有效性,对植被恢复和濒危物种管理工作起到重要作用。在水域生态系统中,水体中的氮磷比与水生生物的固氮量呈反比例关系,并且会影响水生植物的生长及水生生物群落的组成。     

科尔沁沙地52种植物叶片性状变异特征研究

研究严重沙化生境中植物叶片性状的变异特征,不仅有助于了解植物对区域环境变化的适应特征,而且还可以为群落分类、群落结构特征的揭示等提供重要的依据。本研究以科尔沁沙地52种植物为对象,比较不同功能群植物叶片性状的变异特征,分析植物各叶片性状之间的关系。结果表明,科尔沁沙地52种植物比叶面积在6.9～34.4 m2·kg-1之间变动,与其他区域的研究结果相比,该区域植物比叶面积偏小,说明该区域植物能较好地适应贫瘠环境。52种植物中,大多数植物的氮磷比小于14,说明科尔沁沙地植物主要受氮制约。研究结果还表明,不同功能群植物的叶性状存在显著差异。固氮植物叶片氮含量最高,杂类草的叶干物质含量（平均值为0.22±0.06 g·g-1）显著小于其他功能群植物,但是植物叶片磷含量和比叶面积在不同功能群之间差异不显著。相对于多年生植物,一年生草本植物的比叶面积显著偏大,但是叶干物质含量显著偏小。科尔沁沙地52种植物叶干物质含量分别与比叶面积和叶片氮含量呈显著负相关,叶片磷含量和氮含量之间呈显著正相关。     

新疆准噶尔盆地典型荒漠区不同景观植被对土壤养分的影响

在群落演替的不同阶段,土壤与植被之间存在不同的互动关系。在新疆准噶尔盆地南缘,选择荒漠-绿洲交错区、沙漠边缘、沙漠腹地典型景观类型取样,监测不同景观条件下土壤水分、土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和植被盖度。结果表明,不同景观植被盖度、土壤水分、土壤养分含量存在显著的差异性(P0.5)。土壤水分含量、植被盖度、土壤养分含量表现为荒漠-绿洲交错区沙漠边缘沙漠腹地的变化趋势;土壤含水量由荒漠-绿洲交错带10.4%递减到沙漠边缘5.8%、沙漠腹地3.5%;植被盖度、土壤养分含量随土壤类型由荒漠灰钙土向风沙土过渡,呈现显著的下降趋势。在相同土壤属性情况下,植被盖度与土壤有机质、土壤全氮之间存在显著的线性正相关关系,表明不同区域内植被在一定程度上影响土壤养分的积累。     

钙、铁、铝形态对岩溶石灰土磷有效性的影响

为揭示钙、铁、铝形态与岩溶地区土壤磷有效性关系,通过改进的BCR元素形态连续提取法获取石灰土不同发育阶段土壤矿质元素赋存形态,并分析与总磷及速效磷含量之间的相关关系。初步研究表明:石灰土壤中全磷和速效磷在石灰土发育过程呈降低趋势,从黑色石灰土到黄色石灰土,总磷降低了76.7%,速效磷减少了84.7%。石灰土总磷与速效磷同酸溶态、可还原态及残渣态钙,可氧化态铁、铝和可还原态铝显著正相关,而同总铁、总铝以及残渣态铝显著负相关,相关系数绝对值均达到0.9以上。随着石灰土发育进行,钙总量及其形态均降低,而铝、铁总量和形态呈增加趋势,可能导致岩溶地区石灰土磷及其有效性缺乏越发突出。      

WA-PLS diatom-based pH, TP and DOC inference models from 42 lakes in the Abitibi clay belt area (Québec, Canada)

The relationship between surficial sediment diatom species and measured environmental variables was explored in lakes from the Abitibi region of western Quebec. Diatom assemblages in 42 lakes were identified and their relationship with measured environmental variables was examined using multivariate statistical methods. Canonical correspondence analysis with forward selection and Monte Carlo permutation tests revealed that the three environmental variables pH, TP and DOC each accounted for statistically significant fractions of the variation in diatom taxa. A training set with 164 modern diatom taxa was used to derive transfer functions for lake-water pH, TP and DOC using weighted-averaging-partial-least-squares (WA-PLS) techniques. The models were developed to infer lake water pH, TP and DOC within the ranges 4–8 for pH, 2.75–30.0 g l^–1 for TP, and 2.9–18.5 mg l^–1 for DOC. These quantitative inference models may now be used to help identify and estimate the effects of natural disturbances on the biogeochemistry of Abitibi lakes during their historical development.     

Retrospective analysis of the impacts of major hurricanes on sediments in the lower Everglades and Florida Bay

A record of the impacts of major hurricanes on sediment stratigraphy and composition in subtropical ecosystems has been preserved in the lower Everglades and Florida Bay. These impacts were observed in discontinuous layers of sediment that were identified from high-resolution, vertical profiles of excess ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs. Discontinuities were found at different geographic locations and at two to three different depths in the sediment column; however, the layers were each deposited within time periods that corresponded with the passing of category 3–5 hurricanes during 1960, 1948 and 1935. A simple mass balance model for excess ²¹⁰Pb was used to show net changes of ±20–100% in excess ²¹⁰Pb inventory that resulted from sediment disturbances of <1 to >22 cm. Abrupt shifts in sediment composition were often observed in hurricane-impacted layers. Ratios of organic (C/P) were four- to fivefold higher than normal in post-hurricane layers of sediment at open bay sites. These layers are phosphorus poor and seem to reflect preferential decomposition of organic P relative to organic C in association with hurricanes. The net effect is for major hurricanes to redistribute sediment, organic matter and nutrients.This revised version was published online in July 2003.