Phosphorus and dissolved silicon dynamics in the River Swale catchment,UK: a mass‐balance approach

The internal riverine processes acting upon phosphorus and dissolved silicon were investigated along a 55 km stretch of the River Swale during four monitoring campaigns. Samples of river water were taken at 3 h intervals at sites on the main river and the three major tributaries. Samples were analysed for soluble reactive phosphorus, total dissolved phosphorus, total phosphorus, dissolved silicon and suspended solid concentration. Mass‐balances for each determinand were calculated by comparing the total load entering the river with the total load measured at the downstream site. The difference, i.e. the residual load, showed that there was a large retention of phosphorus and silicon within the system during the March 1998 flood event, but the other three campaigns produced net‐exports. Cumulative residual loads were calculated for each determinand at 6 h intervals throughout each campaign. This incremental approach showed that the mass‐balance residuals followed relatively consistent patterns under various river discharges. During stable low‐flow, there was a retention of particulate phosphorus within the system and also a retention of total dissolved phosphorus and soluble reactive phosphorus, most likely caused by the sorption of soluble phosphorus by bed‐sediments. In times of high river‐discharge, there was a mobilization and export of stored bed‐sediment phosphorus. During overbank flooding, there was a large retention (58% of total input) of particulate phosphorus within the system, due to the mass deposition of phosphorus‐rich sediment onto the floodplain. Soluble phosphorus was also retained within the system by sequestration from the water column by the high concentration of suspended solids. The dissolved silicon mass‐balance residuals had a less consistent pattern in relation to river discharge. There was a large retention of dissolved silicon during overbank flooding, possibly due to sorption onto floodplain soil, and net‐exports during periods of both stable low‐flow and rising limbs of hydrographs, due to release of dissolved silicon from pore‐waters. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dynamics of litter decomposition and seasonal dynamics of phosphorus in decomposed residua of Calamagrotis augustifolia in the wetland of the Sanjiang Plain

During the period of May to October in 1999, systematical studies were given to the rate of decomposition of Calamagrostis angustifolia litter, the phosphorus content and weight in decomposed residua of litter, and phosphorus content in the corresponding soil in the Sanjiang Plain. At the same time, the simulation models were listed in the paper. The results showed that the rate of weight lost of decomposition of Calamagrostis angustifolia litter is 29.80% and the maximum of daily rate of weight lost is 0.25%, which appeared in July. The change trend of phosphorus content and weight in the decomposed residua of litter is to reduce with the decomposing process, when it comes to the day of 157, the decrement amount of the both were respectively 57.69mg/kg and 1.6199mg, which were 72.80% and 76.30% of its previous amount. In addition, there is a polynomial minus correlationship of phosphorus content between the variation in corresponding soil and the decomposed residua of litter at the corresponding period. The study will be helpful to further understand the process and mechanism of biochemical cycling of nutrient elements in wetland ecosystems, in addition, it will also be helpful to the restoration and rebuilding of retrogressive wetlands and reasonable development and utilization of wetlands in the Sanjiang Plain. Foundation item: Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Fundation of China (No. 49771002), the Key B Items of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZ951-B1-201-3) and the Innovative Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX2-302). Boigraphy: WANG Shi-yan (1974 -), male, a native of Jinan City, Shandong Province, Ph. D. candidate of Changchun Institute of Geography, the Chinese Academy of Sciences. His research interests include ecology of wetland environment and application of remote sensing and GIS.     

三种人工湿地脱氮除磷效果比较研究

对沸石潜流湿地、砾石潜流湿地和自由表面流人工湿地脱氮除磷性能进行了中试对比试验研究,结果表明在相同进水水质和水力停留时间为1 d的运行条件下,沸石潜流湿地脱氮效果最佳,总氮去除率接近60%;砾石潜流湿地除磷效果最佳,总磷去除率可达70%;自由表面流人工湿地脱氮除磷效果介于沸石和砾石潜流湿地之间.探讨了三种人工湿地脱氮除磷机理方面的差别,并对其进行了经济性、运行方式等方面的比较.     

Forms and bioavailability of phosphorus associated with natural organic matter

Natural organic matter （NOM） is an important ingredient in soil which can improve physical, chemical, and biological properties of soils and nutrient supplies. In this study, we investigated the spectral features and potential availability of phosphorus （P） in the IHSS Elliott Soil humic acid standard （EHa）, Elliott soil fulvic acid standard Ⅱ （EFa）, Waskish peat humic acid reference （WHa）, and Waskish peat fulvic acid reference （WFa） by fluorescence spectroscopy, FT-IR, solution 31P NMR, 3-phytase incubation and UV irradiation. We observed more similar spectral features between EHa and EFa as well as between WHa and WFa than between the two humic acids or two fulvic acids themselves. Phosphorus in WHa and WFa was mainly present in the orthophosphate form. However, only about 5% was water soluble. After treatment by both UV irradiation and enzymatic hydrolysis, soluble orthophosphate increased to 17% of WHa P, and 10%o of WFa P. Thus, it appears that a large portion of P in Waskish peat humic substances was not labile for plant uptake. On the other hand, both orthophosphate and organic phosphate were present in EHa and EFa. Treatment by both UV irradiation and enzymatic hydrolysis increased soluble orthophosphate to 67% of EHa P and 52% of EFa P, indicating that more P in Elliott soil humic substances was potentially bioavailable. Our results demonstrated that source （soil vs. peat） was a more important factor than organic matter fraction （humic acid vs. fulvic acid） with respect to the forms and lability of P in these humic substances.     

Phosphorus features in FT-IR spectra of natural organic matter

Fourier-Transform Infrared （FT-IR） spectroscopy has been used extensively to characterize natural organic matter （NOM）. Absorption bands at 1100-1000 cm^-1 in the FT-IR spectra of NOM have been frequently assigned to alcoholic and polysaccharide C-O stretching or to vibrations of SiO2-related impurities. However, these interpretations do not consider that a strong band associated with P-O bonds of phosphate also appears in the same region. We evaluated the correlation between absorbance in this region and P content of 19 NOM samples from terrestrial, aquatic and plant shoot sources. In the spectra of 10 humic and fulvic acid samples, shoulder to minor bands appeared around 1050 cm^-1. Absorbance intensity at 1050 cm^-1 （Y） was linearly related to P content （X） by the following： Y=4.38X＋0.3 l, with R2=0.90. We did not observe such a close correlation between absorbance and P content in two aquatic NOM samples. Apparently, this is because the aquatic NOM samples were concentrated by reverse osmosis, which would have concentrated not only humic and fulvic acids but also other soluble organic solutes present in natural waters. In the FT-IR spectra of seven dissolved organic matter （DOM） samples obtained from dried plant shoots, broad and/or multiple bands around 1075 cm^-1 were observed with a shoulder at 977 cm^-1. These characteristics were more like those of organic phosphate compounds （such as inositol hexaphosphate）. However, solution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis showed no significant amount of organic phosphate present in these samples.     

江苏省耕作层土壤磷素分布特征初步研究

以江苏省多目标区域地球化学调查获得的资料为基础。笔者系统报道了区内耕作层土壤磷素分布现状的研究结果，并初步探讨了该项调查成果的深入研究与应用问题。初步发现其全P含量呈极不均匀分布，地表相对富集程度普遍很高，基性岩土、潮土、盐土等是全省最主要的相对富P的土类，其速效P的分布现状不完全受全P分布所制约，85％以上耕作层土壤速效P含量均大于5mg／kg，速效P相对亏缺状况明显优于全P。资料对比表明土地利用方式不同对耕作层土壤的速效P分布具有直接影响，草地、滩涂、林地等土壤中速效P含量明显低于其他农用地土壤。局部地区耕作层土壤样品的速效P与全P含量回归分析显示二者存在显著正相关关系．     

环境条件对线形硬毛藻营养盐吸收影响的季节变化

研究了线形硬毛藻在不同温度、盐度和营养盐浓度条件下对NH+4-N、NO-3-N和PO3-4-P的吸收速率的季节性变化。实验结果显示,在5~30℃范围内,线形硬毛藻对NH+4-N、NO-3-N和PO3-4-P的吸收速率受温度和季节影响显著,最适温度范围基本维持在15~25℃,且春季和秋季的吸收速率高于夏季和冬季。低盐度(0~10)对NH+4-N的吸收没有显著影响,对NO-3-N的吸收有促进作用,而对PO3-4-P的吸收有抑制作用。除了个别低盐度条件外,NH+4-N、NO-3-N和PO3-4-P的最大吸收速率大多出现在春季,而最小吸收速率大多出现在冬季。线形硬毛藻在不同浓度的营养盐条件下大多呈现出开放型的吸收模式,在高浓度下各个季节均能吸收营养盐。本研究结果为阐明线形硬毛藻作为"绿潮"灾害藻类的爆发机制提供了理论基础,同时为线形硬毛藻作为新型工具藻在富营养化水域生境修复和陆基工厂化养殖废水处理中的应用提供了科学依据。     

城市污水处理厂升级改造工程设计与运行效果

为保护海洋环境,改善胶州湾的水污染现状,根据青岛市政府的要求对污水处理厂进行升级改造。主体生化工艺采用A2/O+移动床生物膜(MBBR)工艺,通过投加SPR-1生物填料,将好氧段改造为生物膜—活性污泥复合工艺。同时新建混凝、沉淀、过滤等深度处理设施。运行四年来,效果良好,抗冲击负荷能力强,可同时强化脱氮除磷,主要水质指标均稳定达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级A标准。实践证明,该工艺可大幅减少工程量,具有运行管理简便、处理效率稳定等特点,较好地解决了市政污水厂升级改造中的难题,可为其他污水厂的升级改造提供借鉴。同时,污染物年减排量明显提高,团岛海域水质环境质量将得到进一步改善。