Water quality modeling and sensitivity analysis using Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP) in the Shenandoah River watershed

This study used the Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP) to simulate nutrients, dissolved oxygen (DO), and chlorophyll-a dynamics in the Shenandoah River basin and performed an uncertainty analysis to examine the complexity of these variables in water quality estimation and their influence on the Shenandoah River. Significant progress has been made; however, nutrient loads emitted into the Shenandoah River from nonpoint sources remain high. Modeling of three points on the Shenandoah River in Virginia and West Virginia provides an ideal case study since the river is classified by the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality as being impaired. The results of a sensitivity test show that model error decreases with increasing model complexity and sensitivity. The model predicted DO values that tended to be close to the measured data, while total nitrogen and phosphorus tended to be overemphasized. Our results examine the importance of temperature, stream flow, and velocity in influencing water quality between seasons and levels on the different sections of the watershed.     

中国东海陆架海域柱状沉积物对磷的吸附行为

通过研究磷在海洋柱状沉积物上的吸附动力学曲线和吸附等温线,并结合沉积物表面电荷性质以及磷形态分析,考察了我国东部陆架海域沉积物对磷的吸附特征。结果表明,所研究海域沉积物对磷的吸附过程明显分为快慢两段,48h后吸附可达到平衡;吸附后的磷主要为可交换态磷,吸附过程以物理作用为主;吸附等温线可用Langmuir交叉型模式描述,在磷初始浓度较低时,沉积物对磷存在解吸现象;沉积物对磷吸附参数的垂直分布较为复杂,受自身性质影响较大;盐度增大,沉积物对磷的吸附能力呈下降趋势。     

无机盐改性对沸石覆盖技术控制底泥氮磷释放的影响研究

通过试验,考察了无机盐改性对沸石覆盖控制底泥氮磷释放效果的影响,并对沸石覆盖技术控制底泥氮磷释放的机理进行初步探讨,结果表明:①NaCl及CaCl2改性对沸石吸附氨氮的性能影响不大;CaCl2改性可以提高沸石Ca2 的交换量而降低Na 的交换量,NaCl改性则可以明显降低Ca2 的交换量和增加Na 的交换量.②NaCl及CaCl2改性对沸石覆盖技术控制底泥氨氮的释放影响不大,而对控制底泥磷的释放则影响较大,沸石覆盖控制底泥磷释放效率从大到小依次为CaCl2改性沸石＞天然沸石＞NaCl改性沸石.③沸石覆盖技术控制底泥氨氮释放的机理为沸石的物理吸附和阳离子交换作用,控制底泥磷释放的机理包括沸石的机械阻挡作用和沸石与铵所交换出来的Ca2 对磷酸盐的固定作用.     

太湖流域水污染控制与生态修复的研究与战略思考

为了探明太湖水体中胶体磷含量,更深入认识营养盐在大型浅水湖泊中的循环过程和机理,分别从太湖的梅梁湾和贡湖湾两个不同类型的湖区采集水样,利用切向流超滤方法分离出胶体物质,对太湖水体中胶体磷含量进行了初步研究．结果表明:太湖水体春季胶体磷含量在0．017-0．029 mg／L间,其中梅梁湾藻型湖区胶体磷含量范围是0 023- 0．029 mg／L,贡湖湾草型湖区胶体磷含量在0．017-0．022 mg／L间．梅梁湾水体胶体磷占总磷比例平均为28．6%;而贡湖湾胶体磷占总磷比例平均达到39．3%．梅梁湾水体真溶解态磷含量显著高于贡湖湾水体,达贡湖湾的4倍．与澳大利亚的17个湖泊相比,太湖属胶体磷含量偏低的湖泊,但相对于海洋的研究结果,太湖胶体磷含量明显偏高．     

太湖不同营养水平湖区沉积物磷形态与生物可利用磷的分布及相互关系

采用EDTA螯合剂法和不同的化学提取法,研究了太湖3个不同营养水平湖区中8个位点表层沉积物总磷、各组分磷及生物可利用磷的含量分布,探讨了太湖不同营养水平湖区表层沉积物的释磷潜力和生物可利用磷的来源．结果表明,太湖不同营养水平湖区表层沉积物总磷、无机磷和生物可利用磷含量分布差异较大,且与各湖的营养水平相一致．有机磷含量与有机质和含水率显著相关;沉积物中Fe-P和Ca-P对生物可利用磷的贡献较大,这部分磷具有较大的潜在释放风险．     

沉水植物生长对沉积物间隙水中的氮磷分布及界面释放的影响

采集未破坏沉积物结构的柱状沉积物样品,通过室内41 d的培养实验,研究了沉水植物生长过程对间隙水中NH_4~ -N和PO_4~(3-)-P的浓度的动态影响,分析了沉水植物生物量与沉积物中氮磷释放通量的对应关系．结果表明：随沉水植物生长和生物量增加,上部0-5 cm沉积物垂向各层间隙水中NH_4~ -N含量呈逐步降低,表现出沉积物-水界面氮的释放通量与沉水植物生物量存在负相关性;而间隙水PO_4~(3 )-P含量则随沉水植物生长呈单峰型变化,磷释放通量与生物量相关性不明显．初步反映沉水植物在沉积物的生长过程中对氮磷吸收的生物地球化学机制是不同的．     

不同环境下镉对小球藻吸收磷速率的影响

在人工配制的污水中进行静态模拟实验,研究了不同光照强度及不同pH值下,镉对小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)在悬浮和固定状态下对污水中正磷酸盐的吸收速率的影响。结果表明,镉存在的情况下,在实验所设的各光照强度内,悬浮态小球藻对磷的吸收速率为4~10μg/(h.个),固定化小球藻为12~16μg/(h.个);而相同的镉浓度下,在不同的pH范围中,悬浮态小球藻对磷的吸收速率为1.9~9.4μg/(h.个),固定化小球藻为5.7~12μg/(h.个)。在不同光照强度下,镉总体上降低了小球藻对磷的吸收速率,其中使悬浮藻普遍下降40%~60%,而固定处理使藻受镉的影响较少,至多下降10%~20%,但在个别光照强度下镉反而促进了小球藻对磷的吸收速率。不同pH值时,无论悬浮态还是固定态,镉在大多pH下使小球藻的磷吸收速率下降20%~30%,固定处理并没有减少镉的影响,同样在个别pH下镉促进了对磷的吸收。     

沉水植物黑藻对上覆水中各形态磷浓度的影响

室内模拟研究了沉水植物黑藻对上覆水中不同形态磷浓度的影响及其季节性变化,并从沉水植物生长、间隙水和碱性磷酸酶活性(APA)三方面进行了讨论,进一步揭示磷在浅水湖泊水-沉积物界面的交换机理。结果表明,在本研究条件下,上覆水中各形态磷以溶解性总磷(DTP)为主,其他形态磷浓度变异较大,黑藻降低了上覆水中总磷(TP)、溶解性活性磷(SRP)和DTP浓度,也降低了DTP和SRP占总磷的比例,从而使颗粒态总磷(PP)和溶解性有机磷(DOP)占总磷比例升高。黑藻主要通过吸收上覆水中的磷和抑止沉积物、上覆水中APA使上覆水中各形态磷浓度保持较低水平,其中对SRP和DTP浓度的影响更明显。上覆水中各形态磷浓度呈现明显的季节性变化。在7～8月,TP、SRP和DTP浓度呈下降趋势,并在8月达到最低值;9～10月间有所升高,但仍然维持在较低水平,不同采样时间存在波动。     

波浪作用下沉积物中氮、磷释放速率的试验研究

湖泊或海湾中的沉积物吸附氮(N)、磷(P)等元素所形成的沉积层成为水体富营养化的內源。在波浪作用下,尤其是强浪作用下,沉积物中的N、P会通过内源释放作用大量进入水体中。本文在自制的U型水槽中开展实验,采用不同水头差来模拟波浪的循环荷载作用,研究了沉积层中的N、P在静置固结状态(Ⅰ)、加波未液化状态(Ⅱ)、加波液化状态(Ⅲ)下的释放规律,并给出该试验条件下的沉积物释放速率的拟合方程。试验结果表明:沉积物中总氮(TN)和溶解性总氮(TDN)的释放速率会随着水动力作用的增强而增加;总磷(TP)、溶解性总磷(TDP)和活性磷酸盐(SRP)的释放速率也随着水动力作用增强而增加,但水体中悬浮物(SS)含量过高会限制其释放速率。     

Annual Variation of Benthic Nutrient Fluxes in Shallow Coastal Waters (Gulf of Trieste, Northern Adriatic Sea)

Abstract. Benthic fluxes of dissolved N. Si and P nutrients, alkalinity, dissolved inorganic C (DIC), and O₂ from sediments in the Gulf of Trieste (northern Adriatic, Italy) were measured monthly for 16 months, using laboratory incubated flux chambers at in siru temperatures in the dark. The annual average fluxes were: 02 = -19.3 ± 8.2, DIC = 13.7 ± 9.6, NO3 = -0.04 ± 0.16, NH4 = 0.3 ± 0.4. PO₄= 4.001 ± 0.01, Si = 0.9 ± 0.1 mmol m-² d^-1, with strong temporal fluctuations. The highest effluxes of all nutrients and DIC were observed in the summer. Small effluxes of DIC and NH4 and influxes of Si and PO4 were observed in late winter. Only NH₄ (ca. 50%) and Si (ca. 70%) fluxes were significantly correlated with temperature. This correlation suggests that the rate of downward input and the quality of sedimented organic matter (autochthonous and allochthonous) were superimposed on the temperature fluctuations. High DIC, NH₄ and Si effluxes observed in May 1993 during low temperature were due to the degradation of sedimentary organic matter produced by an early spring bloom of benthic microalgae which occurred about 6 weeks earlies while the autumn phytoplankton bloom was simultaneously reflected in enhanced benthic fluxes due to higher temperature. The role of benthic biological advection in this transport across the sediment-water interface, evaluated by comparison between measured benthic and calculated diffusive fluxes from nutrient pore water concentrations, was of minor importance. This is probably due to low infaunal activity throughout the year it was localized mostly in the narrow surficial layer. The annual average diffusive fluxes of NH4 and PO4 were higher than those measured, probably due to the presence of nitrificationdenitrifi-cation processes and redox-dependent chemical reactions at the oxic sediment-water interface, respectively. Only during bottom-water hypoxia in September 1993 did strong PO₄ effluxes prevail. Calculations based on the Redfield stoichiometry of oxic decomposition of organic N to NH4 and NO3, and differences between diffusive and measured NH₄ fluxes showed that denitrifkation averaged 0.8 mmol m^-2 d^-1. Significant correlations between NH₄ and PO₄ DIC and Si, and NH4 and Si fluxes suggested their parallel regeneration and utilization at the sediment-water interface. The nutrient fluxes observed were not significantly linked to O₂ consumption, suggesting also that anaerobic oxidation processes were important at the sediment-water interface in the gulf. The N, P and Si nutriqnts released from sediment pore waters are probably utilized in benthic microalgal and bottorn-hater primary production. This indicates that pelagic and benthic communities in the central part of the Gulf of Trieste function relatively independently of each other.