Modern diatom, cladocera, chironomid, and chrysophyte cyst assemblages as quantitative indicators for the reconstruction of past environmental conditions in the Alps. II. Nutrients

Surface sediments from 68 small lakes in the Alps and 9 well-dated sediment core samples that cover a gradient of total phosphorus (TP) concentrations of 6 to 520 g TP l^-1 were studied for diatom, chrysophyte cyst, cladocera, and chironomid assemblages. Inference models for mean circulation log₁₀ TP were developed for diatoms, chironomids, and benthic cladocera using weighted-averaging partial least squares. After screening for outliers, the final transfer functions have coefficients of determination (r², as assessed by cross-validation, of 0.79 (diatoms), 0.68 (chironomids), and 0.49 (benthic cladocera). Planktonic cladocera and chrysophytes show very weak relationships to TP and no TP inference models were developed for these biota. Diatoms showed the best relationship with TP, whereas the other biota all have large secondary gradients, suggesting that variables other than TP have a strong influence on their composition and abundance. Comparison with other diatom – TP inference models shows that our model has high predictive power and a low root mean squared error of prediction, as assessed by cross-validation.     

模拟湿地生境升温条件下湿地底泥——水体磷元素循环特征

气候变暖对全球生态系统产生了广泛的影响,这其中包括与水质安全和水质演变密切有关的湿地磷元素生物地球化学循环.以长三角南区6块磷库与碳库具有显著差异的湿地为研究对象,通过基于微宇宙原理的湿地生境研究平台模拟升温环境,以现实环境温度为对照组,以(5±1)℃的温度为升温组,探讨升温条件下的湿地磷元素生物地球化学循环特征.结果...     

Effect of snow and soil frost melting on the concentrations of suspended solids and phosphorus in two rural watersheds in Western Finland

Hydrological processes are known to have a considerable effect on nutrient transport from agricultural land to watercourses. In cold temperate regions peak discharges are caused not only by storm conditions but also by melting of snow and frost. The objective of this work was to investigate the effects of snow and frost melt on concentrations of phosphorus and suspended solids. The samples were taken using flowweighted automatic sampling techniques from two agricultural drainage basins. During the beginning of the snowmelt period the concentration of suspended solids was rather low by comparison with the total phosphorus concentration and the discharge. The different behaviour compared with the relationships found during storm conditions was probably caused by continuous extraction of the soil surface by low ionic concentration melt water, and to some extent by leaching from plant residues. The gradual decrease of total phosphorus concentration during the frost thawing period could be attributed to the gradually increasing proportion of the subsurface and ground water discharge in the runoff.     

中国南极长城湾及附近海区1993/1994年夏季表层水样无机氮、磷酸盐的浓度及其分布状况

1993／1994年南极夏季对中国南极长城湾及附近海区表层海水四种营养盐浓度及其分布状况作了调查。结果表明，NH4－N、NO3－N、NO2－N及PO4－P的大致浓度分别是2．13、7．07、0．74和1．12μg·dm-3。一般来说，湾内高于湾外氮盐于12月份常出现高值。四种形态的无机盐类之最高、最低浓度出现的时间和站位不尽一致。∑N／P递减次序大致是12月，2月，1月。水温变化与NH4－N、PO4－P浓度和∑N／P的变化常较一致，而与NO2－N则常不一，一些站位上营养盐浓度偏低可能与浮游植物摄取有关。结果显示了调研海区的浅水内湾特征。浮游植物所需营养充分。该湾仍维持正常状态。     

浙江近岸海域悬浮颗粒物中磷的赋存形态及分布特征研究

磷元素是海洋基础营养盐之一,其赋存形态及分布直接影响海区的初级生产力,是海洋生物地球化学循环的重要驱动力。但大河河口与近海等重要的水生关键带水动力循环过程复杂,导致悬浮颗粒物(SPM )中磷元素的赋存形态和分布特征变化多端,亟须深入研究。根据2016年春季(4−5月)、夏季(7月)和秋季(9−10月)对浙江近岸海域的调查结果,本研究分析了浙江近岸海域SPM中总磷(TPP)、无机磷(PIP)和有机磷(POP)的含量水平、空间分布特征和影响因素。结果表明,浙江近岸海域SPM中TPP含量范围为0.13～66.13 μmol/L,均值为3.35 μmol/L;PIP含量范围为0.03～34.19 μmol/L,均值为1.97 μmol/L;POP含量范围为0.06～31.94 μmol/L,均值为1.39 μmol/L。PIP是浙江近岸海域水体中TPP的主要存在形式,占52.3%。春季浙江近岸海域表层TPP含量占总磷(TP)含量的19.3%～97.7%。春、秋季的SPM中,TPP、PIP和POP含量空间分布相似,均呈现由内湾向外海逐渐降低的变化趋势。PIP、POP与SPM呈显著的正相关性,表现出高SPM含量的海区有着较高的颗粒态磷含量,说明其受陆源输入的影响。春季盐度大于28且SPM含量小于20 mg/L的外侧远海海域,POP与Chl a的相关系数和斜率均明显高于PIP与Chl a的相关系数和斜率,说明该区域浮游植物是POP的主要贡献来源。     

东营凹陷古近系古湖盆演化与水化学场响应

采用人工配制污水为实验用水进行室内水培实验,研究10种人工湿地中常见水生植物对氨氮和总磷的同化吸收能力,筛选出净化效果好的植物,构建植物组合,以单一植物为对照,研究植物组合对于提高氨氮、总磷净化效果的作用．结果表明：不同植物对氨氮、总磷的去除能力差别较大千屈菜（Lythrum salicaria）、菖蒲（Acorus calamus）、美人蕉（Cannindica）、达香蒲（Typha davidiana）对氨氮净化效果较好,初始浓度2969mg／L、15d后,去除率966％、98．6％、877％、95．1％美人蕉、凤眼莲（Eichhornia crssipes）、干屈菜、石菖蒲（Acorus tartarinowii）对TP净化效果较好,初始浓度4．44mg／L、15d后,去除率99．0％、546％、69．9％、36．7％千屈菜与石菖蒲的组合能同时提高氨氮与总磷的净化效果;美人蕉与干屈菜的组合、菖蒲与美人蕉的组合、菖蒲与千屈菜的组合、美人蕉与石菖蒲的组合能提高总磷的净化效果组合实验结果表明,适当的水生植物组合能提高氨氮与总磷的净化效果。     

闹德海水库水环境氮磷容量预测及防治对策

为保障饮用水源地闹德海水库的水质安全,通过选取不同氮磷允许负荷量的测算模式进行综合分析。结果表明:闹德海水库实际负荷量总氮为139.98 t/a、总磷为28.28 t/a,目前已处于中—富营养化状态;水库若要达到贫—中营养化状态,应削减总氮129.96 t/a,总磷27.27 t/a。为此,从发展农业节水、综合防治化肥、农药、畜禽养殖业污染及治理水土流失等方面提出了科学的污染防治思路及削减对策。     

底泥释磷及其对杭州西湖富营养化的影响

杭州西湖是一个小型浅水湖泊,底泥由上部藻骸腐泥和下部泥炭层构成,其显著特点是有机碳含量特别高,氮含量也相当高,而磷的富集程度相对较低。通过实验室和现场模拟研究,考察了pH值、温度、溶解氧、氧化还原电位及上覆水种类等环境因素对底泥释磷量和释磷速率的影响。上覆水pH值在6.5—7.0范围内底泥释磷量最低;在较高或较低pH值时,释磷量倍增。升高水温或降低上覆水溶解氧浓度均能加速释磷。实验室模拟西湖底泥最大释磷量为0.368μgP/g。夏季现场模拟平均释磷速率为1.02mg P/m~2·d;由此估算底泥释磷量达1.346tP/a,相当于年平均外部入湖磷负荷的36.4％。底泥释磷对西湖富营养化起着不容忽视的影响。     

随机扩散水质模型研究

考虑湖泊中影响总磷沉积过程的众多生态因子的变化过程,假定湖泊中总磷沉积过程由标准布朗运动驱动,建立了一个总磷浓度的随机扩散方程,推广确定性富营养化Vollenweider水质模型为随机扩散模型,获得了总磷浓度过程的解析解,进而求出了总磷浓度过程的均值和方差,指出了一种依据沉积系数调控湖泊中总磷浓度的方法。模型被应用于巢湖总磷浓度过程的模拟。