Analysis of spatial order in sandstones. I. Basic principles

The spatial arrangement of sedimentary rock components is a fundamental property of sedimentary rocks. If we assume that the size, shape, and composition of sedimentary rock components (mineral grains, pores) carry useful petrologic information, there is no reason to assume that their spatial arrangement does not. Spatial arrangement has been discussed in terms of texture and fabric, but it has had little objective measurement or classification. This deficiency is primarily due to the difficulties associated with the quantification of spatial phenomena. However, using digital-imaging techniques it is possible to generate petrographic images from thin-sections and quantify the spatial arrangement of selected rock components using a two-dimensional (2D) Fourier transform. A Fourier transform creates a spectral representation of the image similar to an x-ray diffraction pattern. This paper presents the fundamental framework of 2D Fourier analysis in petrology. This type of analysis provides a means to quantify and analyze the spatial arrangement of rock components in an objective, mathematical framework. 2D Fourier power spectra can be used to characterize the type and degree of spatial order in an image, both in terms of the classical concepts of long-range and short-range order and in terms of spatial patterns characteristic of sedimentary rock. The clearly defined mathematical relationship between an image and its Fourier power spectrum provide the opportunity to define the 2D structure of an image in the same manner that x-ray diffraction patterns are used to map 3D structure in minerals. In addition, a 2D Fourier power spectrum is easily transformed into a radial power spectrum. Radial power spectra can be used to characterize the density of objects in an image. They also provide a valid means to compare and contrast images in a multivariate framework, regardless of the type of order. One of the most desirable properties of a Fourier transform is its reversibility. Using selected components of the power spectrum, the inverse transform can be used to build synthetic images, which highlight those petrologic components that most affect the power spectrum. The inverse transform provides the means to translate the results of analysis into meaningful petrologic characteristics.     

The Late Jurassic age and geochemistry of ultramafic-mafic massifs of the Selenga-Stanovoy superterrane (southern framing of the North Asian craton)

We present new data on the age and geochemistry of the Veselyi and Petropavlovsk ultramafic-mafic massifs of the Selenga-Stanovoy (West Stanovoy) superterrane on the southeastern framing of the North Asian craton. The massifs are composed of rocks of peridotitewebsterite-gabbro and peridotite-gabbro-monzodiorite associations, respectively. The latter combine normal, subalkalic, and alkaline rocks and thus are of diverse composition: from ultrabasites and pyroxenites through gabbroids to monzodiorites. The U-Pb zircon age of these massifs is 154 ± 1 and 159 ± 1 Ma, respectively, which permits them to be referred to as the youngest rocks of ultramafic-mafic complexes on the southern framing of the North Asian craton. The rocks of the studied massifs are enriched in LILE (K, Rb, Sr, Ba, LREE) and are depleted in HFSE (Zr, Nb, Hf, Ta). These rocks formed, most likely, in the rear of subduction zone or in the setting of the subducting-slab detachment.     

赣中相山元古宙斜长角闪岩的矿物学、岩石学特征及同位素地球化学研究

通过岩石学、矿物学、稀土及微量元素地球化学和Nd、Sr、Ph、O同位素组成的研究,确定相山斜长角闪岩的原岩为基性火山岩（玄武岩）,井形成于岛弧环境,主要衍生于弱亏损地幔源区,并受到地壳物质某种程度的混染。造岩矿物成分具有低角闪岩相变质作用的特征,表明它们是低角闪岩相变质作用的产物,变质作用的温压条件为550℃±,0．69Gpa±。根据斜长角闪岩原岩的形成年龄（1113Ma）及变质年龄值（726．6Ma）结合其地质地球化学特征,确认赣中相山地区存在元古宙岛弧。     

镜质组反射率抑制及校正研究

镜质组反射率的抑制常发生在以下情况：①高含量的壳质组和（或）腐泥组；②厌氧、还原的沉积环境；③特定的古植物群落；④特定的岩性。介绍了产生镜质组反射率抑制的机制及识别抑制的方法，比较了采用镜质组化学组成法、镜持组反射率和荧光相结合方法（VRF）。氢指数－R0图版法、多显微组分荧光变化方法（FAMM）校正抑制的优劣。     

Petrology and Geochemistry of Dolerite Dykes, West Gar0 Hills, Meghalaya: A Preliminary Study

The Precambrian gneissic basement of West Gar0 hills, Meghalaya has been traversed by dolerite, metadolerite and basaltic rocks. The dolerite and basaltic rocks are tholeiites and show basic to intermediate composition with Mid- Oceanic Ridge Basalt (MORB) chemical affinity. These dolerite dykes are slightly older than the Sylhet traps and do not indicate genetic relationship with the latter. Relative age relationships suggest that the dykes are Jurassic in age and different from the dykes related to Sylhet volcanism and other ultrabasic and basic dykes in the area. Geochemical data suggest that these dykes have formed from a differentiated product of primary picritic magma of upper mantle source. This dyke activity may be related to the extensional tectonism during the Jurassic period due to the breakup of the Gondwana supercontinent.     

有机岩石学在油气勘探中应用的现状和发展

本文评述了有机岩石学在研究有机成熟度、有机质类型、生烃组分和成烃作用、烃类排出运移和聚集等方面的现状和发展方向。有机成熟度评价中镜质体反射率抑制、固体沥青反射率所反映的热成熟度等问题已基本解决，难点在于下古生界高过成熟烃源岩成熟度评价。沉积有机质显微组分类已基本统一。尚未有明确认识的关键问题是无定形有机质和矿物沥青基质特征和分类，这影响到有机质类型有机岩石学评价准确性。我国石油部门一直采用透射光干酪根显微组分定量评价有机质类型，建立反光下全岩和干酪根光片显微组分鉴定和类型评价标准显得十分迫切。烃源岩生烃组分和成烃作用有机岩石学剖析为沉积盆地有机质演化和烃类形成提供了最直观和准确的认识。对烃类流体包裹体和固体沥青显微特征的分析为油气藏形成演化史提供了重要信息。     

月球地质结构及其岩石学特征

简要介绍了美国ＮＡＳＡ阿波罗计划所获得的有关月球地质结构的一些新资料，结合笔者对月球岩石光片，薄片的镜下观察，简要介绍了月球岩石的岩石学特征，并讨论了有关月球的演化起源问题。     

大别山榴辉岩带的研究进展及评述

系统地总结了大别山地区的榴辉岩的地质学、岩石学、矿物化学、地球化学及地球动力学研究中的最新发展,对存在的问题进行了简要评述。     

岩石中自组织现象的成因：对传统地质理论的挑战及其对策

从岩石中自组织现象出发,举例阐明了传统地质理论的局限性;回顾了自组织现象的研究历史和现状,提出了岩石中自组织现象的初步分类;阐明了自组织现象研究的意义,并指出:随着自组织现象研究的广泛开展和成果的不断积累,正在孕育着“非线性岩石学”这样一门新兴的边缘学科。