厦门邻近海域海洋环境放射性水平及评价

良好的环境质量是厦门成为一个宜居和滨海旅游城市的重要基石。自日本福岛核事故发生和福建省核电站陆续运行之后,厦门邻近海域潜在的核污染风险受到公众和管理部门的关注。本研究测定了2015年2月和8月厦门邻近海域海水和海洋沉积物中主要放射性核素的含量水平,并据此评价了该海域的环境放射性质量状况。结果表明海水中总铀、⁹⁰Sr、²²⁶Ra、¹³⁷Cs处于我国海洋放射性水平变化范围以内,无明显季节差异,其他放射性核素⁵⁸Co、⁶⁰Co、¹³⁴Cs、^110mAg、⁵⁹Fe、⁵⁴Mn、⁶⁵Zn均未检出,海水中⁹⁰Sr和¹³⁷Cs的活度最大值远低于国家海水水质标准限值,海洋沉积物中放射性核素活度水平亦在我国海洋放射性水平变化范围以内。利用我国现有的海洋放射性环境质量评价方法对厦门邻近海域放射性质量状况进行分级评价得出其海水放射性质量为2级,海洋沉...     

西沙海域甘泉岛和全富岛海滩上的塑料垃圾与微塑料分布特征

塑料污染现象在世界各地海滩随处可见, 日益成为海洋环境中的重要威胁。文章调查了西沙海域甘泉岛和全富岛海滩的塑料污染分布情况, 结果显示, 尽管研究区域远离大陆, 人类活动影响较小, 但是海岛海滩上的塑料污染普遍存在, 塑料垃圾(>5mm)的平均分布丰度为(85.07±70.48)个∙m^-2, 平均重量为(40.23±78.15)g∙m^-2; 微塑料(<5mm)的平均分布丰度为(1774.75±1534.37)个∙m^-2或(100.82±87.18)个∙kg^-1。塑料垃圾和微塑料在不同海岛间的丰度分布均无显著性的差异, 但无论是塑料垃圾的丰度还是微塑料的丰度, 在环礁内侧海滩都显著高于环礁外侧海滩。此外, 微塑料的丰度分布与塑料垃圾的丰度分布呈显著的线性相关。红外光谱分析得出塑料聚合物主要成分有聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯和聚乙烯等, 其中以聚苯乙烯泡沫的比例占优。甘泉岛和全富岛海滩的塑料污染主要是通过其他地区的外源性塑料输送而来, 其在海岛上的不均匀空间分布受到区域海流作用、水动力条件、塑料降解等多种因素的影响。     

广东沿海经济带海洋环境与经济增长的协调关系实证研究

环境与经济的关系是社会发展中不可忽视的重要问题。文章基于环境库茨涅兹理论构建广东沿海经济带主要海洋污染物排放量与人均GDP的线性回归模型,探索海洋环境随经济增长的变化规律,并采用熵变方程法进一步描述海洋环境与经济增长的协调关系。研究结果表明:广东沿海经济带以第二和第三产业为主导,经济增长速度快,但海洋污染物排放量逐年增加,其中珠三角是海洋污染物排放的主体区域;广东沿海经济带海洋环境与经济增长的EKC曲线因主要海洋污染物类别和地区的差异而呈现线型、"倒U"型、"N"型和"倒N"型等不同形式,整体海洋环境污染与人均GDP的拟合趋势表现为单调递增的线性变化,海洋环境污染程度随经济增长而显著加剧;广东沿海经济带海洋环境与经济增长处于严重不协调状态,经济增长与海洋环境质量的变化方向相反;亟须优化调整广东沿海经济带的产业分工布局,强化海洋环境保护制度保障,构建和完善海洋环境与经济增长的协调机制。     

瓯江河口水质评价及主要污染物入海通量分析

文章以瓯江入海河口水体为研究对象,结合综合指数法对2013—2018年瓯江入海水体水质变化趋势进行分析与评价,同时分析主要污染物的入海通量变化,以期为温州海域近岸环境改善提供参考。结果表明:瓯江河口水体中TP、CODCr超出《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838—2002）III类水质标准。瓯江河口水质综合污染指数均值为6.54,平均污染指数均值为0.60,主要污染物为TP和CODCr,研究期间瓯江河口水体环境质量呈好转趋势。瓯江年均污染物入海总量约为665 950 t,污染物入海通量中CODCr占比最大,其次为TP;2014—2018年,TP入海通量呈下降趋势。     

Deep Natural Gas Resources

From a geological perspective, deep natural gas resources generally are defined as occurring in reservoirs below 15,000 feet, whereas ultradeep gas occurs below 25,000 feet. From an operational point of view, deep may be thought of in a relative sense based on the geologic and engineering knowledge of gas (and oil) resources in a particular area. Deep gas occurs in either conventionally trapped or unconventional (continuous-type) basin-center accumulations that are essentially large single fields having spatial dimensions often exceeding those of conventional fields.Exploration for deep conventional and continuous-type basin-center natural gas resources deserves special attention because these resources are widespread and occur in diverse geologic environments. In 1995, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated that 939 TCF of technically recoverable natural gas remained to be discovered or was part of reserve appreciation from known fields in the onshore areas and state waters of the United States. Of this USGS resource, nearly 114 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of technically recoverable gas remains to be discovered from deep sedimentary basins. Worldwide estimates of deep gas also are high. The U.S. Geological Survey World Petroleum Assessment 2000 Project recently estimated a world undiscovered conventional gas resource outside the U.S. of 844 Tcf below 4.5 km (about 15,000 feet).Less is known about the origins of deep gas than about the origins of gas at shallower depths because fewer wells have been drilled into the deeper portions of many basins. Some of the many factors contributing to the origin and accumulation of deep gas include the initial concentration of organic matter, the thermal stability of methane, the role of minerals, water, and nonhydrocarbon gases in natural gas generation, porosity loss with increasing depth and thermal maturity, the kinetics of deep gas generation, thermal cracking of oil to gas, and source rock potential based on thermal maturity and kerogen type. Recent experimental simulations using laboratory pyrolysis methods have provided much information on the origins of deep gas.Technologic problems are among the greatest challenges to deep drilling. Problems associated with overcoming hostile drilling environments (e.g. high temperatures and pressures, and acid gases such as CO₂ and H₂S) for successful well completion, present the greatest obstacles to drilling, evaluating, and developing deep gas fields. Even though the overall success ratio for deep wells (producing below 15,000 feet) is about 25%, a lack of geological and geophysical information continues to be a major barrier to deep gas exploration.Results of recent finding-cost studies by depth interval for the onshore U.S. indicate that, on average, deep wells cost nearly 10 times more to drill than shallow wells, but well costs and gas recoveries differ widely among different gas plays in different basins.Based on an analysis of natural gas assessments, deep gas holds significant promise for future exploration and development. Both basin-center and conventional gas plays could contain significant deep undiscovered technically recoverable gas resources.     

废轮胎多孔隙消波结构物特性之初期研究

基于废旧轮胎再利用及研发简易且低廉的施工方法与维护成本,本研究以规则波水工模型试验研究提出应用于港口码头的多孔隙弹性帷幕的初步理念。利用模型车轮胎以模块化方式组装成弹性帷幕后安装于码头前壁,研究多种周期波浪作用及不同消波室纵深对波浪反射率的影响。实验结果表明,简单的单一消波室多孔隙弹性帷幕对短周期波浪的消波效果较显著,消波室纵深较大者反射率较低,但可能引致水体振荡,后续可再强化消波室的消能效果。未来如能妥善研究废旧轮胎应用于多孔隙弹性帷幕消波结构物的施工与维修方法,除可缓解废旧轮胎处理给环境带来的压力外,也提供一种可用于简易渔港的施工简单、维修容易且资源再利用的消能结构物,该工程技术亦可输出至发展中国家,符合可持续发展观。     

Investigation and evaluation of contamination in dredged reclaimed land in China

Large-scale reclamation projects have been developing rapidly in China’s coastal lands since 2000. In this study, the scale and pollutant contents of reclaimed lands were collected from published data and field surveys. Over 80% of the gross area was formed using hydraulic reclaimed technology. The pollution index, geoaccumulation index, and Nemerow integrated pollution index (NIPI) of 13 pollutant types were calculated based on the collected data. The potential pollution within major newly reclaimed lands was evaluated with valid pollutant data from sediments of the neighboring water. All reclaimed lands larger than 30?km² were slightly to seriously polluted with Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Hg, As, and Ni according to NIPI. The reclaimed fields in Hengsha Island, Binhai Tower, and Lingang New City of Shanghai were selected as verification sites for the pollution evaluations. The Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, As, and Ni concentrations in dredged soils determined through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry showed a generally good soil quality within the typical reclaimed fields. Principal component and hierarchical clustering analyses indicated that the relatively high As content in the reclaimed soils was due to the internal pollutants of dredging fills and originated from anthropogenic sources.     

Occurrence and ingestion of microplastics by zooplankton in Kenya's marine environment: first documented evidence

Microplastics can be ingested by marine organisms and may lead to negative impacts at the base of marine food chains. This study investigated the occurrence and composition of microplastics in the sea-surface water and sought evidence of ingestion by zooplankton. Surface seawater was collected using a stainless-steel bucket and sieved directly through a stainless-steel sieve (250-µm mesh), while a 500-μm mesh net was towed horizontally to collect zooplankton, at 11 georeferenced stations off the Kenyan coast in February 2017, on board the national research vessel RV Mtafiti. Microplastic particles were sorted and characterised using an Optika dissecting microscope. Polymer types were identified using an ALPHA Platinum attenuated total reflection—Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrometer. A total of 149 microplastic particles, with an average abundance of 110 particles m^–3, were found in the surface seawater. A total of 129 particles were found ingested by zooplankton groups, where Chaetognatha, Copepoda, Amphipoda and fish larvae ingested 0.46, 0.33, 0.22 and 0.16 particles ind.^–1, respectively. Filaments dominated both the surface-water microplastics and the ingested microplastics, contributing 76% and 97% to those compositions, respectively. White particles were prevalent in the water (51%), whereas black was the colour found most commonly (42%) across the zooplankton groups. The sizes of particles that were in the water were in the range of 0.25–2.4 mm, and those ingested ranged between 0.01 and 1.6 mm. Polypropylene was predominant in the surface water, whereas low-density polyethylene was the most-ingested polymer type. The results provide the first documented evidence of the occurrence, composition and ingestion of microplastics by zooplankton in Kenya's marine environment, indicating that microplastics have the potential to enter pelagic food webs and cause pollution in the study area.     

南黄海盆地中、古生界地质特征及勘探方向

南黄海广泛发育海相中、古生界,资源量丰富,勘探潜力大,但一直未取得勘探突破。通过与上扬子四川盆地类比,最大的差异在于后期构造改造的强度不同。南黄海盆地遭受多期次强烈的后期改造,致使早期生成的油气被破坏和改造,不利于油气保存,在南黄海区内寻找构造相对稳定的区带,是南黄海盆地中、古生界取得油气突破的关键;综合南黄海残留地层分布、石油地质条件、构造变形特征等的研究结果,对南黄海中、古生界最具现实勘探意义的区域进行了优选,认为崂山隆起中南部弱变形区是南黄海中、古生界实现勘探突破最有利区带,下古生界是下一步重点的勘探层系。     

南海西南部西纳土纳盆地油气成藏组合分析与资源潜力评价

为明确南海西南部西纳土纳盆地油气资源潜力,基于最新的地震、测井、地化和油气藏储量等数据,结合盆地构造—沉积演化和油气成藏地质条件的综合研究成果,从盆地含油气系统、成藏组合特征研究等方面开展系统的描述、刻画和分析,从而预测盆地资源潜力和评价地质风险,优选勘探有利区。研究表明,西纳土纳盆地发育4套含油气系统,分别对其中6个具有商业油气价值的已证实和远景成藏组合采用蒙特卡洛模拟法和资源面积丰度类比法计算待发现资源量,最终预测盆地待发现油气总资源量890.16MMboe,其中Penyu次盆Penyu组成藏组合内资源量(587.22MMboe),占全盆地总资源量的66%。参考烃源岩、储集层、圈闭、运移、盖层和保存等成藏要素的评价结果,应用资源—地质风险概率双因素法优选出1个Ⅰ类成藏组合,1个Ⅱ类成藏组合,2个Ⅲ类成藏组合和2个Ⅳ成藏组合。应用成藏组合范围叠合法,综合分析认为Anambas地堑西北部Arang组构造—地层成藏组合是盆地最有利勘探区。首次应用的盆地演化—含油气系统—成藏组合递进研究思路和成藏组合评价方法对东南亚陆内裂谷盆地油气资源潜力研究具借鉴作用。