Airline networks and the international diffusion of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

In fewer than four months in 2003, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) spread from China to 25 countries and Taiwan, becoming the first new, easily transmissible infectious disease of the twenty-first century. The role of air transport in the diffusion of the disease became obvious early in the crisis; to assess that role more carefully, this study relates the spatial-temporal pattern of the SARS outbreak to a measure of airline network accessibility. Specifically, the accessibility from those countries that were infected by SARS, beginning with China, to other countries was measured using airline schedules. The country-pair accessibility measure, along with other country-level factors relevant to the disease, were tested as determinants of the speed with which SARS arrived in infected countries as well as its failure to arrive in most countries. The analyses indicate that airline network accessibility was an especially influential variable but also that the importance of this variable diminished in the latter weeks of the outbreak. The latter finding is partly attributable to public health measures, particularly health screening in airports. The timing and geography of those measures are reviewed using data from media reports and interim World Health Organization (WHO) documents during the outbreak. The uneven effort to curtail the international diffusion of SARS suggests further planning is needed to develop a concerted response to contain future epidemics.     

Popperian geophysics and tunnelling algorithm

Parasnis has observed in a presidential address that geophysics is not a Popperian science in a major way. That is, hypotheses are not consciously put forth in a falsifiable format and much of the effort goes in seeking supporting evidence for favoured hypotheses. Parker evolved a parameter extremization strategy, initially to tackle the problem of non-uniqueness in geophysical inference. Later he based a hypothesis testing proposal on it, which is refreshingly Popperian. It has not been adopted widely, partly because it requires global extrema, and not local and this has been regarded as a problem with no solution. Attention is drawn towards tunnelling algorithm, which solves the problem of global optimization successfully, makes Parker’s Popperian proposal practical and extends the range of Popperian geophysics.     

经皮球囊扩张成形术治疗Budd－Chiari综合征的观察

本文报告了用球囊导管扩张成形术（ＰＴＡ）治疗肝段下腔静脉膜状阻塞患者２６例。对其中２５例进行了３～２２个月的随访观察，其主要临床症状和体征基本消失者２２例（８４．６％）；明显改善或缓解者３例（１１．５４％）；术后复发（再狭窄）行第二次ＰＴＡ者４例（１５．４％）。并对Ｂｕｄｄ－Ｃｈｉａｒｉ综合征（ＢＣＳ）的病因、病理、分类、诊断、治疗、复发原因及防治办法等进行了较全面的讨论。     

多层螺旋CT在肥胖OSAHS上气道阻塞评估中的应用价值

目的 探讨肥胖患者上气道结构的多层螺旋CT（MSCT）形态学改变,以揭示肥胖患者上气道结构异常及其与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（OSAHS）病情严重程度的关系。方法 选择经多导睡眠监测（PSG）确诊的非OSAHS和OSAHS肥胖患者各25例,对所有入组患者进行额窦层面至第7颈椎水平多层螺旋CT扫描及三维重建,测量鼻咽、腭咽、口咽和喉咽的最小截面积及其周围组织并进行比较。并且分析4个平面测量指标与体重指数（BMI）、颈围、睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）等指标的相关性。结果 与非OSAHS组患者比较,OSAHS组肥胖患者软腭的面积明显增大（P<0.05）,其体积增大更加明显（P<0.01）;口咽部气道的截面积、前后径、体积,均比非OSAHS组患者明显减小（P均<0.05）,并且软腭的体积均与BMI、AHI呈正相关（P均<0.01）。结论 MSCT能从二维及三维结构评估肥胖患者上气道阻塞及周围软组织情况,并且提示软腭体积增大可能与OSAHS严重程度相关。     

''''93中国对虾流行性肝胰腺坏死综合症研究 Ⅰ.病毒和类支原体合并感染对虾肝胰腺

本文首次报道今年浙江省对虾大范围流行性肝胰腺坏死综合症及患病对虾肝胰腺组织中类支原体与病毒的合并感染。     

核酸探针原位杂交检测白斑综合症病毒的组织特异性

从白斑综合症病毒 (whitespotsyndromevirus ,简称WSSV)部分基因组文库中得到核酸探针 ,采用原位杂交检测方法检测对虾甲壳下表皮、胃、后肠、鳃、触角腺的上皮细胞、淋巴器官的基质细胞、肌细胞、心肌细胞及结缔组织细胞 ,原位杂交结果均为阳性。对虾甲壳下表皮的上皮细胞、胃的上皮细胞对病毒较其它部位敏感 ,感染程度高 ;中肠上皮细胞、肝胰腺上皮细胞、淋巴器官内皮细胞未发现感染病毒 ,原位杂交用于WSSV检测 ,比组织切片HE染色更准确、更敏感。在同一组织的同一部位 ,原位杂交所得到的阳性细胞个数比HE多。探针大小不同 ,敏感性也有变化。短的探针 41 3bp敏感性较高 ,长的探针敏感性降低。     

Nutrient loadings and deforestation decrease benthic macroinvertebrate diversity in an urbanised tropical stream system

Lotic ecosystems in urban areas are severely impacted by anthropogenic environmental stressors, such as deforestation and nutrient pollution, due to socioeconomic activities in the catchment. To work out measures for identification and mitigation of concurrent multiple stressors to a stream system, it is necessary to assess the relative importance of impacts by the individual stressors. Here we aimed to discriminate the covarying effects of nutrient pollution and deforestation on benthic macroinvertebrate communities in an urbanised tropical stream system. In the Silang-Santa Rosa Subwatershed (SSRS) of Laguna de Bay, benthic macroinvertebrates and physicochemical environments were investigated at 13 sites varying in human population density, riparian canopy, and land-use pattern as indicated by geographic information systems in the catchment. Regression and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the drivers of the biodiversity loss and understand its underlying mechanisms. In the SSRS, where rapid economic growth took place without updating poorly installed wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), domestic activity indicated by human population density in the catchment was the primary factor in generating heavy phosphorous loadings (mean total phosphorus = 0.91; range = 0–1.50 mg/l) that caused hypoxia (mean dissolved oxygen = 2.98; range = 0.13–6.27 mg/l) in stream waters and subsequently reduced macroinvertebrate diversity (mean H’ = 0.91; SD ± 0.61). Nutrient and organic pollution and riparian deforestation explained 53.5% and 9.7% of the variation of benthic macroinvertebrate communities in SSRS, respectively. Given such scenario, additional WWTPs servicing urban developments and improved riparian canopy cover in the SSRS can be both strategic and cost-effective in the initial steps of environmental mitigation in urbanised streams, especially in rapidly developing countries.     

大黄䗪虫丸加减联合TP+奥拉帕利对晚期卵巢癌患者淋巴细胞的影响

目的:探讨大黄?虫丸加减联合TP+奥拉帕利对晚期卵巢癌气滞血瘀证患者淋巴细胞的影响。方法:将94例晚期卵巢癌气滞血瘀证患者随机分为治疗组与对照组,每组各47 例。对照组采用TP（紫杉醇+顺铂）联合奥拉帕利治疗,治疗组在对照组基础上加用大黄?虫丸治疗。治疗6个月后观察2组的免疫功能;淋巴细胞CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD8⁺、CD4⁺/CD8⁺］水平,血清肿瘤标志物;糖类抗原125（CA125）、糖类抗原199（CA199）、B7同源体4（B7-H4）、人附睾蛋白4（HE4）］水平,生活质量评分（躯体功能、情绪功能、角色功能、认知功能、社会功能、总体健康）及不良反应发生情况。结果:总有效率治疗组为72.34%（34/47）,高于对照组的48.94%（23/47）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。2组各项淋巴细胞水平、血清肿瘤标志物水平、生活质量评分治疗前后组内比较及治疗后组间比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05或P<0.01）。不良反应发生率治疗组为23.40%（11/47）,低于对照组的42.55%（20/47）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论:大黄?虫丸加减联合TP+奥拉帕利能改善晚期卵巢癌气滞血瘀证患者的淋巴细胞和血清肿瘤标志物水平,提高生活质量,疗效显著,且安全性高。