青藏高原昆仑山垭口不同深度土壤可培养细菌群落特征研究

以青藏高原昆仑山垭口不同深度土壤样品为研究对象,研究了可培养细菌数量及多样性。结果表明：可培养细菌数量与多样性在一定程度上均与土壤深度呈负相关关系。可培养细菌数量以表层土壤最多,而细菌多样性最低。基于16S rDNA基因序列分析共发现了6个门,18个属,21种细菌,其中表层土壤Arthrobacter siccitolerans为绝对优势种,比例达95%;冻土区（0~82.15m）之间不同土样Mycetocola miduiensis菌株所占比例较大;而冻土层以下没有明显的优势菌。冗余分析（RDA）显示：可培养细菌数量主要受土壤有机碳影响,土壤含水量则是影响细菌多样性的主要因素。     

3种常见细菌胞外特征有机酸对方解石的溶蚀研究

为了更深入地了解微生物与大气可吸入矿物细颗粒的作用机理,实验以方解石(PM2.5)为研究对象,采用反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)对硅酸盐细菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌胞外有机酸主要组分进行定性定量分析,考察了细菌胞外有机酸对方解石的溶蚀效应。实验结果表明,3种常见细菌的胞外有机酸主要组分有草酸、乳酸、柠檬酸和琥珀酸;不同有机酸对方解石的溶蚀效应不同,但均能不同程度地促进Ca离子的释放;草酸、乳酸和琥珀酸对方解石发生作用后,表现为颗粒失重,而柠檬酸对方解石发生作用后,导致其发生重结晶行为,能改变方解石的表面形貌,使残余固体呈纤维状;在草酸和柠檬酸作用下,残余固体表现出了对有机酸基团(如C=O、C—C或C—H)的吸附,特别是柠檬酸在1 600~500 cm-1区域。     

南海北部油气微生物勘查研究

随着现代生物技术的发展,微生物勘探技术正走向成熟,成为一项经济有效的直接找油方法。探讨了油气微生物勘探指标的选择和甲烷氧化菌的研究方法,应用原位荧光杂交法分析了南海北部表层海水中甲烷氧化菌的丰度,结果发现每升海水中有3.59×104～7.45×106个甲烷氧化菌,并且海水中甲烷浓度与甲烷氧化菌丰度的相关性较高,相关系数达0.861,基于两个指标综合分析海洋油气藏的赋存可以提高指示精度。     

不同类型冰川雪中可培养细菌多样性变化及其与环境因子关系研究

通过荧光显微计数和恢复培养,分析了东天山和卓奥友峰冰川区雪的细菌数量及可培养细菌多样性.结果表明:不同地点不同深度雪中微生物数量都与可溶性离子Ca2+、Mg2+和NO3等的浓度显著相关,两种不同类型冰川雪坑中可培养细菌多样性存在明显差异.从卓奥友样品中培养得到高G+C(67%)、低G+C(22%)、α-Proteobacteria(4%)、β-Proteobacteria(4%)、γ-Proteobacteria(1%)和Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides(CFB)(2%)6种不同类群细菌,但从东天山雪样中仅分离得到β-Proteobacteria(48.5%)、α-Proteobacteria(25.5%)、低G+C(25%)和高G+C(1%)4种不同类群细菌.冰雪微生物的数量及种类与环境密切相关.     

中国黄土剖面趋磁细菌的组成特征与生态意义

选择中国的黄土-古土壤序列的超磁细菌作为研究对象，以透射电镜、扫描电镜、生化实验和有机地球化学方法先后研究了从黄土地区陕西段家坡、甘肃西峰以及陕西洛川富集的趋磁细菌，结果表明，虽然趋磁细菌在黄土和古土壤层的形态有所差异，但它们均由细胞膜、细胞质和沿长轴排列的磁小体与气泡组成，在适宜的条件下它能生长出较多的磁小体。磁小体由氧化铁组成，并可从体内排出，使环境中部分Fe^2 转变为Fe^3 ，促使地层磁化率增高，尤其在古土壤层段，中国黄土剖面中趋磁细菌的产量是地表温度、湿度、pH、铁含量的函数，与湖沼中的趋磁菌相比，它在菌体形态、磁小体的数量与排列方式上有很大差距，因而中国西北黄土地区的趋磁细菌是典型的生态物种。     

漠河盆地科学钻探井MK-1地下冷环境中嗜热微生物的多样性分析

在漠河盆地科学钻探井MK-1地下110m冷环境样品中发现大量嗜热微生物存在的证据,针对这些冷环境中的嗜热菌进行了克隆文库分析和分离培养,分别用细菌和古菌16SrDNA引物PCR扩增.结果表明:未发现古菌16SrDNA存在,而嗜热细菌与栖热菌属(Thermus),地芽孢杆菌属(Geoba-cillus)和厌氧芽孢杆菌属(Anoxybacillus)有较近的亲缘关系,通过分离培养分离出3种地芽孢杆菌属(Geobacillus)的细菌,其相似度均为100%.嗜热微生物多存在于地下温暖有机质丰富的生态系统中,了解它们的来源、分布机制及其多样性对于能源和资源的寻找在一定程度上具有指示意义.     

红树植物秋茄内生细菌数量时空变化动态初步研究

分别用吖啶橙染色荧光显微计数法和平皿分离计数法对秋茄内生细菌总量和可培养内生细菌数量的时空变化进行测定。结果表明,秋茄植株根茎叶内均含有大量的内生细菌,其中根茎叶内生细菌总量平均分别为4.35×107ind/g、6.31×107ind/g和5.02×107ind/g;可培养细菌总量平均分别为2.58×103cfu/g、1.76×103cfu/g和4.43×103cfu/g。其时空变化动态为:内生细菌总量根部变化基本平稳,而叶部和茎部均呈峰形变化,其峰值分别出现在5月和7月;可培养细菌数量根茎叶均呈峰形变化,根部峰值出现在9月,而茎叶部峰值均出现在3月。秋茄植株可培养的内生细菌数量占其内生细菌总量比率为(0.02⁸.33)×10-4,秋茄植株体内仅有小部分的内生细菌为可培养,绝大多数内生细菌为不可培养或难培养。     

Distribution, isotopic variation and origin of sulfur in coals in the Wuda coalfield, Inner Mongolia, China

This paper describes coal petrographic characteristics, sulfur abundance, distribution and isotopic signature in coals in the Wuda coalfield, Inner Mongolia, northern China. Petrographic studies suggest that depositional environment influences petrographic composition. The No. 9 and No. 10 coal seams, which are thought to have formed on a tidal delta plain, have high collodetrinite contents (up to 66.1%) indicating enhanced gelification and bacteria activity during coal accumulation, and also have the highest sulfur content (3.46% and 3.42%). Both organic and pyritic sulfur isotope values (−12.3‰ to 5.8‰ and −18.7‰ to 1.1‰, respectively) are variable and generally tend to be more negative in high-sulfur coals than those in low-sulfur coals in the Wuda coalfield. The negative sulfur isotope values indicate that a large portion of sulfur in the high-sulfur coals has a bacterial origin. Sulfur isotopic compositions and variations within the section were used to propose a model to explain the origin of sulfur in these coals. The presence of pyritized rod-like bacteria, cyanophyte's gelatinous sheaths and degraded algae organic matter suggests that bacteria, and perhaps algae, may play an important role in the formation of these high-sulfur coals.     

A study on an oligotrophic bacteria and its ecological characteristics in an arid desert area

An oligotrophic bacterium was isolated from the biological soil crust underlayer in the Xinjiang Gurbantunggut Desert. It was numbered SGB-5, G . Cell size is (0.328-0.746) μm×(0.171-0.240) μm. Raised colony is white, roundness and its diameter is 5 mm. The strain is a facultative aerobe. It was able to grow in conditions of 1―15 mg·C·L?1 culture medium at 10―50℃. The strain's optimum growth temperature is 37℃. The range of its optimum growth pH is 8―9. A large amount of extracellular mucopolysaccharide was secreted during growth. The chemical composition of this mucopolysaccharide consists of arabinose, X sugar, glucose, galactose and mannitol. Mole ratio of these sugars is 1:14:19:6:14. The viscosity of the mucopolysaccharide can reach 6300 mPa·s, when the strain is cultivated for 72 h. After the culture solution in which viscosity was 1500 mPa·s was sprinkled on the quicksand surface, 6 mm bacteria crust of conglutinating sand was formed. This crust could not only stabilize sand, but could also potentially slow the rate of the soil water evaporation.     

Transport and retention of Escherichia coli in a mixture of quartz,Al‐coated and Fe‐coated sands

Transport and retention of Escherichia coli through the mixture of quartz, Al‐coated and Fe‐coated sands was examined using column experiments to investigate the effect of geochemical heterogeneity on bacteria transport. The first set of the experiments was performed in quartz, Al‐coated and Fe‐coated sand mixtures (coated sand: 0, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100%) to examine the influence of positively‐charged sand grains on bacteria transport. The second experiments were carried out to observe the impact of pH (range 6·74–8·21) on bacteria transport in the mixture of quartz 50% and Fe‐coated sand 50%. The third experiments were conducted to analyse the effect of ionic strength (0, 50, 100, 200 mM) on bacteria transport in the mixture of quartz 50% and Al‐coated sand 50%. The first experiments show that bacterial mass recoveries were in the range of 3·6–43·4%, decreasing nonlinearly as the content of Al‐ and Fe‐coated sands increased. In the second experiments, the bacterial mass recoveries were in the range of 35·5–79·2%, increasing linearly as the solution pH increased. In the third experiments, the mass recovery was 3·4% at 0 mM. As the ionic strength increased to 50mM, the mass recovery decreased to 0%. When the ionic strength increased further to 100 and 200 mM, no bacterial mass was recovered as in the case of 50 mM. It indicates that in the mixed medium of quartz 50% and Al‐coated sand 50% both positive (increment of bacterial adhesion) and negative (decrement) effects of ionic strength may be counterbalanced, minimizing the impact of ionic strength on the bacterial adhesion. This study helps to understand the role of metal oxides and solution chemistry in the transport of bacteria in geochemically heterogeneous media Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.