Columnar calcites as testimony of diagenetic overprinting at the boundary between Upper Tournaisian dolomites and limestones (Belgium): multiple origins for apparently similar features

In topographic flat areas, sedimentary settings may vary from one outcrop to another. In these settings, calcite precipitates may yield macroscopically similar columnar features, although they are products of different sedimentary or diagenetic processes. Three columnar calcite crystal fabrics, i.e. rosettes, palisade crusts and macro-columnar crystal fans, have been differentiated near and at the contact between Upper Tournaisian dolomites and limestones along the southern margin of the Brabant-Wales Palaeohigh. Their petrographic characteristics, and geochemical and fluid inclusion data provide information on the (dia)genetic processes involved. Rosettes composed of non-luminescent columnar calcite crystal fans (1–5 cm in diameter) developed on top of one another, forming discrete horizons in repetitive sedimentary cycles. The cycles consist of three horizons: (I) a basal horizon with fragments from the underlying horizon, (II) a micrite/microspar horizon with incipient glaebules, (III) an upper horizon consisting of calcite rosettes, with desiccation features. The petrographical features and δ¹⁸O signatures of −10·0 to −5·5‰ and δ¹³C values of −5·5 to −3·2‰ support either evaporative growth, an evaporative pedogenic origin, or overprinting of marine precipitates. Palisade crusts, composed of a few to 10 mm long non-luminescent calcite crystals, coat palaeokarst cavities. Successive palisade growth-stages occur which are separated by thin laminae of micrite or detrital quartz, displaying a geopetal arrangement. Palisade crusts are interpreted as intra-Mississippian speleothems. This interpretation is supported by their petrographic characteristics and isotopic signature (δ¹⁸O = −8·7 to −6·5‰ and δ¹³C = −4·8 to −2·5‰). Macro-columnar crystals, 1–50 cm long, developed mainly perpendicular to cavity walls and dolomite clasts. Crystal growth stages in the macro-columnar crystals are missing. δ¹⁸O values vary between −16·4 and −6·8‰ and δ¹³C values between −5·2 and −0·9‰. These features possibly support a late diagenetic high temperature precipitation in relation to hydrothermal karstification.     

四川盆地东部黄龙组碳酸盐岩储层沉积-成岩系统

四川盆地东部上石炭统黄龙组是天然气藏的主力产层.在岩心观察、野外剖面实测和室内薄片鉴定分析的基础上, 结合钻井、测井、物性分析和X-衍射分析资料, 对川东黄龙组碳酸盐岩储层沉积-成岩系统进行了深入研究.认为川东黄龙组主要发育萨勃哈、有障壁海岸和陆棚3个相带以及特殊的古喀斯特相, 储集岩类型以白云质岩溶角砾岩及颗粒白云岩为主, 有效的储集空间类型主要为晶间孔、晶间溶孔, 最重要的储层类型为孔洞缝型, 最有利储层发育部位为岩溶上斜坡中的坡地和残丘微地貌单元.综合分析认为, 沉积-成岩系统与储层在时空上具有良好的耦合关系, 粒屑滩沉积微相控制了黄龙组储层的区域分布, 早-中成岩阶段压实卤水成岩系统、古表生期大气水成岩系统以及埋藏成岩阶段的温压水成岩系统对优质储层发育贡献最大.      

威远气田震旦系灯影组古岩溶与成藏探讨

四川威远震旦系灯影组为一套浅海相潮坪环境下沉积的藻白云岩沉积，其发育的古岩溶循征具有纵向上的多期性和横向上的不均性。根据古岩溶的特征，笔者将其划分为以间岩溶，风化壳岩溶和缝洞纱岩溶三种类型，并对其不同的判别标志进行了详细研究和论述。层间岩溶和碳酸盐岩地层在沉积期或成岩早期抬暴露地表，受到大气淡水渗入淋滤所发生的岩溶作用；风化壳岩溶系指碳酸盐岩地层长时间受到大气淡水的淋滤作用，由于淡水的渗入和循环地层进入埋藏期后，随着埋藏深度的增加，在地层中不断排出压释水作用下，碳酸盐岩中发生的岩溶，威远构造的灯影组的震四顶的层间岩溶和震四顶的风化壳岩溶，成为威远气田气藏的主要储集层。尤其是震四顶风化壳岩溶发育时，形成一个古潜丘，孔洞发育的潜丘属于古圈团类型，有利于油气的早期聚集成藏。     

鄂尔多斯盆地塔巴庙地区奥陶系古岩溶研究

鄂尔多斯盆地是我国重要的油气勘探基地之一,该盆地中一系列奥陶系大气田的发现,进一步揭示了下古生界碳酸盐岩,尤其是以古岩溶地层为主的层位赋存有丰富的油气资源。从塔巴庙地区岩心和薄片资料出发,对奥陶系古岩溶的发育期次及垂向分带和岩溶地貌单元进行了划分。古岩溶在垂向上发育了三期岩溶,每期岩溶又划分为四个岩溶带;平面上划分出了六个岩溶高地、四个岩溶低地以及三个岩溶缓坡(斜坡)。结合物性和气井资料,认为垂向上各期垂直渗流岩溶带储集物性较好;平面上岩溶高地Ⅰ1~Ⅰ4是有利的储层发育区;靠近高地Ⅰ1、Ⅰ2、Ⅰ4的岩溶缓坡及它们之间的区块也是值得重视的区域。     

四川盆地南部中二叠统茅口组古岩溶地貌恢复及其石油地质意义

中二叠统茅口组是四川盆地南部重要的天然气产层之一。在中二叠世末期由东吴运动引起的地层暴露和风化淋滤的影响下,茅口组海相碳酸盐岩发育了风化壳岩溶型储层,但其岩溶古地貌迄今未得到准确恢复,影响了对茅口组碳酸盐岩储层分布的正确认识。本文以录井、测井及岩心等资料的综合分析为依托,通过地层精确划分、对比以及等时地层格架的建立,在茅口组顶部侵蚀面上、下地层中优选并确定了长一段顶面和茅三段底面两个全区稳定分布的、近等时的地层界面作为恢复岩溶古地貌的基准面。在分别编制研究区残余地层等厚图和印模地层等厚图的基础上,采用残余地层厚度法和印模地层厚度法,运用Surfer软件分别恢复了研究区龙潭组沉积前的岩溶古地貌和长一段沉积后茅口组顶部潜山地貌。这两种方法恢复的茅口组顶部古地貌所反映的地形起伏变化和总体格局基本一致,可以划分出岩溶台地、岩溶斜坡和岩溶盆地3个二级地貌单元以及溶丘、残丘、丘丛、浅洼、浅谷等次一级地貌单元。指出岩溶台地主要以泸州古隆起为核心向四周展布,整体地势较平缓,山体多呈圆丘状,低矮坡缓,不发育峰丛地貌;岩溶斜坡分布于岩溶台地外围,其中的岩溶缓坡主要展布于研究区北部和东部,岩溶台地西缘则表现出岩溶陡坡地貌;岩溶盆地分布于研究区西南部的宜宾、沐川、绥江等地区,地势平坦,以平原地貌为主。茅口组岩溶古地貌单元与大型储集空间及油气产出状况关系的分析表明,岩溶古地貌控制了岩溶型储层的发育与分布,进而控制了天然气产量的分布。指出岩溶缝洞型储层在岩溶台地和岩溶斜坡上基本同等发育,岩溶台地为重点勘探的有利区带,岩溶陡坡带则是最有利的勘探区带。     

The Corwen Outlier and its implications for the Mid Mississippian palaeogeography of North Wales,UK

The isolated outlier of Visean (Mid Mississippian) limestones and sandstones near Corwen, North Wales, UK, provides a critical constraint on regional tectonic and palaeogeographical models. The late Asbian to Brigantian succession comprises a series of shoaling‐upwards cycles (parasequences). These were the product of forced, glacioeustatic regressions and have boundaries that testify to emergence, karstic dissolution and soil formation on a low gradient carbonate platform prior to flooding and the resumption of marine deposition. The recognition of two of the main marker beds within the North Wales Visean succession (Main Shale and Coral Bed) together with a newly applied foraminiferal and algal biozonation allow the outlier succession to be correlated with other Visean outcrops in the region and more widely throughout the British Isles. In revealing regional thickness and facies variations, these comparisons show that the outlier succession was deposited landward of the early Asbian shoreline in a region of enhanced subsidence localized along the Bala Lineament. The Corwen Outlier suggests that, within narrow gulfs associated with the region's major tectonic lineaments, Mississippian carbonate facies extended farther south into the contemporary hinterland of older rocks and that, in response to Brigantian climate change, these topographic features likely also influenced fluvial catchments supplying siliciclastic sediment to the platform's landward margin and, subsequently, Namurian deltas. Contrary to earlier suggestions, Visean outcrop patterns, facies distributions and thicknesses in the vicinity of the Bala Lineament can be explained without the need to invoke extensive post‐depositional lateral displacements. BGS © NERC 2013. Geological Journal © John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

贵州沫阳剖面二叠纪末浅水沉积特征及其古环境意义

处于大贵州滩南缘的罗甸沫阳剖面在晚二叠世时发育典型的浅水相沉积组构,包括长兴期生物礁、生物灭绝事件界面附近的不连续面以及可能的古岩溶堆积物。其中长兴组为典型的钙质海绵礁,造礁生物主要包括古石孔藻、Tubiphytes和纤维海绵,同时大量的栉壳状胶结物填充礁体孔隙并具有世代性。在沫阳剖面的不连续面,可识别标志包括缝合线和侵蚀面两种,分布于上二叠统顶部泥粒岩-颗粒岩（〖XCTT.TIF〗类、海绵、钙藻以及Tubiphytes为主）与鲕粒灰岩之间。在部分露头上还可见一类特殊的角砾岩:角砾类型既包括生屑团块和泥晶团块,还包括硅质岩碎块,数量众多,大小不一且磨圆很差。大量含巨鲕的鲕粒灰岩直接上覆于角砾岩,以及角砾岩顶部的裂隙之中。除此之外,包括垮塌角砾岩和洞穴堆积物等特征的发现,都指示了沫阳剖面在当时岩溶发育。这类沉积物产生的原因可能是由于晚二叠世时,沫阳地区持续发育的生物礁形成了突出的古地貌单元,随着相对海平面的下降晚二叠世沉积物发生暴露。在大气淡水-渗流成岩作用影响下,暴露地表的突出地形上岩溶作用发育;非突出地形受风化剥蚀及随后海侵过程的双重影响,与上覆地层之间显示侵蚀面或缝合线接触的特征。从野外露头情况来看,沫阳剖面并没有像其他浅水台地一样在生物灭绝事件之后发育微生物岩,而是直接出露一套含核形石和巨鲕的鲕粒灰岩。以鲕粒灰岩为主的“灾难沉积物”紧邻长兴组生物碎屑灰岩的情况在华南比较少见,这对于进一步了解生物灭绝事件起因以及当时特殊的海洋环境状况具有重要意义。     

塔河油田中下奥陶统顶面岩溶古水系对接现象及其意义

塔河油田中下奥陶统,从加里东中期到海西期,经历多期构造运动及其引起的多期岩溶作用的叠加改造,岩溶缝洞系统非常发育。岩溶作用的发生,除地层的可溶性,主要依赖于岩溶水补给-径流-排泄过程中对岩石的溶解作用和侵蚀作用。因此,判断岩溶水的运动轨迹是一种非常重要的研究方法。基于三维地震资料,利用第三代相干体技术,刻画中下奥陶统顶面的岩溶古水系,发现上奥陶统覆盖区下部依然有许多地表水系存在,并且大多与上奥陶统缺失区的古水系对接。根据现代岩溶理论,划分奥陶系岩溶层组,厘定水文地质条件,分析两种不同时期岩溶古水系的形成和消亡过程,这对恢复古岩溶发育环境,划分古岩溶发育阶段,揭示古岩溶的发育规律具有重要的意义。     

古岩溶盆地岩溶作用模式及古地貌精细刻画——以鄂尔多斯盆地东部奥陶系风化壳为例

鄂尔多斯盆地东部奥陶系风化壳天然气勘探的核心问题是寻找储层 ,关键技术是对古沟槽、古台地的识别。该区风化壳储层不发育有两方面的原因 :一是沉积相带不利 ;二是风化壳岩溶部位不利 ,属于岩溶洼地 ,溶蚀作用较弱 ,充填作用较强。鄂尔多斯盆地东部奥陶系风化壳古岩溶地貌为地势平坦、向东开口的半封闭岩溶盆地 ,这就为该区古风化壳岩溶的发育创造了相对于其他全封闭盆地更好的条件。将岩溶盆地划分为谷地、台地、残丘、沟槽、浅洼 5种三级地貌单元类型 ,东部发育 3个水平岩溶带 ,第三水平岩溶带距夷平面 70～ 85m。根据观察结果及地下水的渗流规律 ,提出深潜流溶蚀带—深泉排水模式 ,为岩溶盆地风化壳储集体的发育提供了另一种可能的溶蚀作用方式。岩溶盆地在中深埋藏期压释岩溶作用较强 ,有利于储集体孔渗的改善、上古生界烃类的带入、古台地边缘致密带的产生及圈闭的形成。综合利用地质、钻井、地震及测井手段精细刻画了神木—榆林地区奥陶系风化壳古地貌 ,结果表明该地区古台地规模适中、古沟槽较多 ,认为东部是较有利的勘探区带     

Lower Miocene gypsum palaeokarst in the Madrid Basin (central Spain): dissolution diagenesis, morphological relics and karst end-products

Abstract The Miocene sedimentary record of the Madrid Basin displays several examples of palaeokarstic surfaces sculpted within evaporite formations. One of these palaeokarstic surfaces represents the boundary between two main lithostratigraphic units, the Miocene Lower and Intermediate units of the Madrid Basin. The palaeokarst formed in lacustrine gypsum deposits of Aragonian age and corresponds to a surface palaeokarst (epikarst), further buried by terrigenous deposits of the overlying unit. Karst features are recognized up to 5·5 m beneath the gypsum surface. Exokarst and endokarst zones are distinguished by the spatial distribution of solution features, i.e. karren, dolines, pits, conduits and caves, and collapse breccias, sedimentary fills and alteration of the original gypsum across the karst profiles. The development of the gypsum palaeokarst began after drying out of a saline lake basin, as supported by recognition of root tubes, later converted to cylindrical and funnel‐shaped pits, at the top of the karstic profiles. The existence of a shallow water table along with low hydraulic gradients was the main factor controlling the karst evolution, and explains the limited depth reached by both exokarst and endokarst features. Synsedimentary fill of the karst system by roughly laminated to massive clay mudstone with subordinate carbonate and clastic gypsum reflects a punctuated sedimentation regime probably related to episodic heavy rainfalls typical of arid to semi‐arid climates. Duration of karstification is of the order of several thousands of years, which is consistent with previous statements that gypsum karstification can develop rapidly over geologically short time periods.