中国西北部新疆地区沙漠的形成与演化——Ⅱ.古环境重建(英文)

Based on the palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental evidences of geological history and human history periods, this paper reviews the researches and progresses on the development of the sandy deserts in Xinjiang. It pointed out that the features of tectonic structure in Xinjiang had made both the Tarim Basin and the Junggar Basin being influenced greatly by the foehn effects originated from the planetary wind system of westerly, the East Asian ocean-continental monsoon and the topographical mountain-valley winds. The regional patterns of climate and environment since the Quaternary were characterized by the overall persistent drought accompanied by fluctuations in the secondary scale. Formations of aeolian sediments in the basins and at the margins are a potential response to global climate change, particularly the aridification of the Asian hinterland deduced by the uprising of the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding highlands. For the question about the formation time of the Taklamakan Desert, because the research methods, objects and information carriers used in previous studies are different, there are many disputes in the academic circles at present. Evidences from aeolian deposits/rocks at the edge and in the hinterland of these sandy deserts and their chronological data indicate that an arid climate and land surface aeolian processes have occurred at the edge of the Tarim Basin and its hinterland areas since the Tertiary period. However, the duration time of these processes at mass scale should have begun after the middle Pleistocene and lasted to the Holocene. Occurrence of dune fields in recent 2000 years in the oasis areas should be greatly influenced by human factors.     

南海北部近岸海域风场特征分析与预报研究

南海北部近岸海域北靠东亚大陆,南面广阔的南海海域,地理位置十分独特,具有典型的季风特征.本文对南海北部近岸海域风场与大尺度大气环流特征的相关分析,阐述大气环流异常对南海北部近岸海域风场的影响.研究表明,南海北部近岸海域风场分布具有较强的区域性和季节性;因气候年际变化的强弱,如厄尔尼诺与南方涛动(ENSO)循环、南海暖池...     

罗布泊干盐湖富水(矿)性分区特征与控制因素分析

通过对罗布泊干盐湖地区富水(矿)性特征的分析,指出盐湖及盐类液体矿床的储水介质、盐类矿体间连通性及晶体间孔隙是决定其特征变化的主要因素。同时,区域的附加构造应力场造成的地层(盐类地层)构造裂隙也是造成富水性差异与控水(矿)的重要因素。     

The effect of species on lacustrine δ18Odiatom and its implications for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions

The oxygen isotope composition of diatom silica (δ¹⁸O_diatom) is increasingly being used to reconstruct climate from marine and lacustrine sedimentary archives. Although diatoms are assumed to precipitate their frustule in isotopic equilibrium with their surrounding water, it is unclear whether internal processes of a given species affect the fractionation of oxygen between the water and the diatom. We present δ¹⁸O_diatom data from two diatom size fractions (3–38 and >38 µm) characterized by different species in a sediment core from Heart Lake, Alaska. Differences in δ¹⁸O_diatom between the two size fractions varies from 0 to 1.2‰, with a mean offset of 0.01‰ (n = 20). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirms our samples consist of pure biogenic silica (SiO₂) and δ¹⁸O_diatom trends are not driven by contamination. The maximum offset is outside the range of error, but the mean is within analytical error of the technique (± 1.06‰), demonstrating no discernible species‐dependent fractionation in δ¹⁸O_diatom. We conclude that lacustrine δ¹⁸O_diatom measurements offer a reliable and valuable method for reconstructing δ¹⁸O_water. Considering the presence of small offsets in our two records, we advise interpreting shifts in δ¹⁸O_diatom only where the magnitude of change is greater than the combined analytical error.     

四川松潘水沟墩沟泥石流成因和动力学特征及其对铁路工程的影响评价

泥石流是山区常见的地质灾害之一,具有运动快速、暴发突然、能量巨大等特点。本文根据现场调查。分析了水沟墩沟泥石流形成条件、流域特征,计算了泥石流的容重、流速、流量、冲出量、淤积厚度等动力学参数,并对其危险性做了定量评价．总结了水沟墩沟泥石流对铁路工程危害模式“先冲-又淤-再冲”。提出了对水沟墩沟泥石流采用相关的减灾防灾措施,供铁路部门制定相应的泥石流防止对策,有益于对成兰铁路线的长远安全运行和服务提供科学保障。     

德国北部盆地晚侏罗世沉积环境及古气候分析*

德国北部盆地上侏罗统广泛发育,但野外露头地层普遍出露不全。Hildesheimer Wald地区Wendhausen 6井和Süntel山地区Eulenflucht 1井完整钻遇了上侏罗统牛津阶和启莫里阶地层,为分析该区晚侏罗世沉积演化过程及其所反映的古环境变化规律提供了丰富的资料。通过岩心描述和岩石薄片镜下观察,根据不同层段的颗粒成分、生物组合特征、沉积结构和构造等特征,在2口井的岩心中共划分出14个岩石类型,分别形成于碳酸盐岩斜坡和三角洲环境。建立了该区牛津阶和启莫里阶垂向沉积演化序列,垂向上由Heersum组到Süntel组,沉积环境逐步由外陆棚、内陆棚、临滨过渡到了开阔台地、潮坪环境,表现出了相对海平面降低的进积过程。同时对不同沉积相中保存较好的以低镁方解石为主要成分的牡蛎壳进行原位Mg/Ca值(古温度指标)测试,得出该区牛津期至启莫里期总体表现出了古气候变暖的趋势,且共有3次气候变暖过程。这一古气候变化与由沉积相分析得出的古气候变化一致,且同苏格兰、俄罗斯台地古温度变化趋势有很好的对应关系,表明古气候是控制该区沉积演化的一个重要因素,且牡蛎壳Mg/Ca值可以做为一个古气候指示指标应用于其他地区的古气候分析中。     

福建明溪蓝宝石呈色机理研究

明溪蓝宝石呈色是铁，钛，铬等杂质过渡金属离子电子跃迁和电荷转移等因素共同作用的结果，但蓝色的深浅与铁的含量不呈简单的正相关关系，而更多地与铁，钛间含量的配比相关，Al2O3中OH的振动应成为人们关注的蓝宝石呈色影响因素之一。     

中国西南汛期降水的振动和分布及其与印度洋海温异常的关系

用自然正交函数展开方法对1961－1995年西南汛期（6－8月）降水大尺度变化特征进行了分析，并在此基础上用典型相关分析方法研究了1－8月印度洋海温距平场与西南汛期降水场的遥相关分布特征，结果表明：西南汛期降水的地域差异显著，年际和年代际变化明显，其变化与印度洋海温变化有一定联系，分析还进一步表明，当印度洋海温呈某种特定的配置时，特别是南印度洋中西部海温的异常变化对西南汛期降水的发觉分布有一定作用，揭示了印度洋海温变化在西南汛期降水异常分布中的信号现象，说明特定的印度洋海温分布可以作为西南汛期旱涝预报的信号因子。     

贵州威宁麻窝山岩溶盆地剖面中Rb、Sr分布及环境信息

岩溶盆地的演化清晰地记录了流域侵蚀和化学风化等重要过程,Rb/Sr是有效获取地表过程中环境信息的重要手段之一。本文基于14C定年方法,结合研究剖面中K、Ca等元素的组成特征,对贵州威宁麻窝山岩溶盆地中4个沉积剖面的Rb、Sr分布和地球化学行为进行了分析,并讨论了Rb/Sr指示的环境意义和盆地的演化历程。结果表明,剖面中Rb元素含量普遍高于Sr元素且波动幅度较Sr元素大。此外,Rb与K,Sr与Ca之间均有较好的正相关关系,即在流域物质的侵蚀、搬运和盆地沉积物的形成演化过程中,Sr的活动性明显高于Rb。各剖面Rb、Sr垂直分异程度相似,呈大—小—大交替演变,Rb/Sr以大—小—大规律变化,且剖面间具有较好的一致性,与野外特征相吻合,尤其是剖面颜色变化,均体现盆地沉积环境的多旋回特征。Rb/Sr具有重要的环境意义,能够指示研究区古气候变化,Rb/Sr高时(主要受Rb控制),盆地处于干涸或低水位状态,指示降水量较少的干旱气候;Rb/Sr低时(主要受Sr控制),盆地处于富水的高水位环境,指示降水量较多的湿润气候。在距今40ka时间内,岩溶盆地内至少出现312次干—湿环境的旋回演变,其是恢复喀斯特地区古气候的良好载体。     

Reconstruction of the variability of the southwest monsoon during the past 3 ka,from the continental margin of the southeastern Arabian Sea

From temporal variation in δ¹⁸O in Globigerinoides ruber and G. sacculifer and geochemical indices of weathering/erosion (chemical index of alteration, Al and Ti), we infer rapid southwest monsoon (SWM) deterioration with dwindling fluvial and detrital fluxes at ca. 450–650, 1000 and 1800–2200 cal. a BP during the late Holocene. We have evaluated the role of solar influx (reconstructed) and high‐latitude climate variability (archived in GRIP and GISP‐2 cores) on SWM precipitation. Broadly, our δ¹⁸O climate reconstruction is concordant with GRIP and GISP‐2, and supports a teleconnection through atmospheric connection between the SWM and the North Atlantic climate – albeit temporal extents of the Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Period from high latitude are not entirely coeval. Moreover, there is a humid climate and enhanced precipitation during the terminal stages of the Little Ice Age. The medieval warming (ca. AD 800–1300) is not synchronous either, and is punctuated by an arid event centred at 1000 a BP. Although the delineation of the specific influence of solar influx on SWM precipitation is elusive, we surmise that SWM precipitation is a complex phenomenon and local orography along southwestern India may have a role on the entrapment of moisture from the southwest trade winds, when these hit land. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.