长江中华绒螯蟹的资源与养殖现状及其种质保护

根据中华绒螯蟹的资源及其养殖现状,分析了我国目前各水系河蟹的种质变异及其河蟹幼蟹培育和成蟹养殖中存在的问题,针对中华绒螯蟹 种质保护的要求,就防止河蟹幼蟹性早熟及和蟹养殖的遗传污染与种质混杂等问题,提出了对长江河蟹品质保持的初步设想。     

Palaeoclimate indicators (clay minerals,calcareous nannofossils,stable isotopes) compared from two successions in the late Jurassic of the Volga Basin (SE Russia)

A study of clay mineral and calcareous nannofossil abundances in late Jurassic–early Cretaceous sediments from the Volga Basin, SE Russia, is presented. From these results, we are able to compare some general patterns of mineralogical and palaeontological change for the Volga Basin to the palaeoclimate models developed for northern Europe and beyond. The two successions examined comprise calcareous mudstones with black organic‐rich shale horizons, overlain by a series of phosphatic silty sands. Clay mineralogical results show a progressive decrease in kaolinite and the concomitant increase of smectite and illite through the middle Volgian, followed by an abrupt increase in kaolinite in the late Volgian. The clay mineral evidence suggests increasing aridity at the end of the Jurassic, similar, in part, to many western European successions. Because of differential settling of clay minerals, superimposed upon this possible climatic signature is likely to be the effect of relative sea‐level change. Calcareous nannofossil analysis from a single section reveals a shift through the middle Volgian from low nutrient, warm water assemblages dominated by Watznaueria to cooler surface water and high nutrient assemblages dominated by Biscutum constans. These observations suggest that increased aridity is also associated with climatic cooling. Black shales are associated with increased productivity, higher sea levels and increases in smectite content. Hence, periods of low (chemical) hinterland weathering during semi‐arid conditions are paradoxically associated with relatively nutrient‐rich waters, and organic‐rich shales. Comparison of published carbon and oxygen stable isotope results from this and other sections to the clay mineral and nannofossil data confirms the palaeoclimatic interpretation. This study significantly improves the published biostratigraphically constrained clay mineral database for this time period, because other European and North American successions are either non‐marine (and thus poorly dated), absent (through penecontemporaneous erosion) or condensed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中全新世以来杭州湾古气候、环境变迁及对良渚文化的可能影响

利用在杭州湾西部良渚古城遗址附近获取的沉积物岩芯,试图通过高精度加速器质谱(AMS)测年以及多气候、环境代用指标的分析来揭示中全新世以来良渚地区的气候、环境变迁历史,进而讨论其与良渚文化消亡的可能联系.对沉积物的有孔虫分析显示:在大约7500 5200 cal a B.P.期间,研究区为富含有孔虫的潮滩相沉积环境;而约5200 cal a B.P.以来,有孔虫逐渐消失,反映了研究区逐渐脱离海水影响成陆的过程.孢粉记录显示:研究区在约5200 5000 cal a B.P.期间以常绿、落叶阔叶植被为主,伴有少量针叶植被,气候总体上相对暖湿.而在大约5000 4000 cal a B.P.期间,针叶植被的相对增加总体反映了趋于凉湿的气候.在约4000 1500 cal a B.P.期间,虽然常绿阔叶植被重新占据相对优势,但总体呈现逐渐减少的趋势,同时落叶阔叶类植被增加,表明了趋暖偏干的气候;同时,该段水生草本、蕨类植被和藻类的相对增加或许反映了研究区下垫面开始沼泽、湿地化的趋势.约1500 400 cal a B.P.期间,木本植被整体呈减少趋势,陆生草本植被则大量增加,针叶植被进一步减少,表明气候进一步趋干;同时,水生草本和藻类的急剧增加,可能反映了湿地化加剧的状况.最近约400 cal a B.P.以来,针叶植被急剧增加,常绿阔叶植被减少,可能反映了气候突然变冷的过程.岩芯下段禾本科孢粉(40μm)的出现与研究区脱海成陆的时间相吻合,这表明良渚时期(大约5000 4000 cal a B.P.)研究区水稻种植已有一定规模.但在大约4000 cal a B.P.前后的良渚文化末期,禾本科孢粉浓度一度出现降低,这可能反映了研究区人类活动强度的减弱,其与良渚文明衰落的时间基本吻合.总体上看,这一变化发生在趋干的气候背景以及沼泽化、湿地化加剧的下垫面条件下,暗示了气候、环境因素对良渚文明的衰落可能具有重要影响.     

Mid-Wisconsin seasonal temperatures reconstructed from fossil beetle assemblages in eastern North America: comparisons with other proxy records from the Northern Hemisphere

Mutual climatic range (MCR) analysis was applied to 15 North American beetle assemblages spanning the interval from > 52 000 to 17 200 yr BP, bracketing a Mid-Wisconsin interstadial interval. The analyses yielded estimates of mean July (TMAX) and mean January (TMIN) temperatures. The oldest assemblage (> 52 ka) yielded TMAX values 7.5–8°C lower than present and TMIN values 15–18°C lower than present. A Mid-Wisconsin interstadial warming dating from 43.5–39 ka was rapid and intense. At the peak of the warming event, about 42 ka, TMAX values were only 1–2°C lower than modern. This level of amelioration apparently lasted only about 2000–3000 yr. By 23.7 ka, TMAX values declined to 11.5–10°C lower than modern, but another, small-scale amelioration is indicated by assemblages dating from 20.5 to 19.7 ka. The interstadial event recorded from the site at Titusville, Pennsylvania closely matches the timing and intensity of the climate change estimated from British beetle faunas in the Upton Warren interstadial. Another warm interval (ca. 31–32.5 ka) has been documented from fossil beetle assemblages in Europe and North America. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Coleopteran evidence for a mosaic of environments at high altitude in the eastern Pyrénées,France, during the climatic transition between the Allerød and Younger Dryas

Late‐glacial environmental and climatic implications are inferred from an insect fauna from organic sediments infilling a palaeochannel on the banks of the River Têt, eastern Pyrénées, France. A pine cone in association with the insect fauna has been radiocarbon dated to 10 920 ± 60 yr BP, namely close to the Allerød – Younger Dryas boundary. Two distinct insect associations appear to be recognisable here. One is an assemblage typical of the high altitude forest and a second is characteristic of an alpine grassland. The close coexistence of these two assemblages is attributed to the climatic cooling towards the start of the Younger Dryas Stadial, when the forest cover broke up into remnant patches interspersed by alpine grassland. It is suggested that in a region of such high relief a mosaic of habitats may have been caused by patchy differences in insolation aspect, especially during a period of climatic deterioration. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地理空间信息网格特征解析

地理空间信息网格这一重要的基础设施具有物理特征、基本特征和多方参与性等若干特征。详细分析、讨论地理空间信息网格的这些特征,对地理空间信息网格技术研究、地理空间信息资源共享、更加广泛地应用以及地理空间信息网格建设具有重要意义。     

准噶尔盆地车排子凸起新近系沙湾组油藏特征及成藏主控因素

对准噶尔盆地车排子凸起新近系沙湾组已发现油藏从层位、规模、油性、物性、物源、类型等方面进行了梳理和总结。沙湾组共发育岩性、断层-岩性、断鼻三类圈闭,储层特征与油藏规模存在差异,油性分布较复杂。在明确沙湾组复杂油藏特征的基础上,结合典型油藏解剖,认为长期继承性的古隆起、高效的毯状砂体输导层、断层纵横向的封闭性、储集层物性的差异、多源多期成藏过程及不同的保存条件是沙湾组油气藏类型多样、油性复杂的主要控制因素。根据上述认识,预测毯状砂体侧向尖灭带为有利的油气聚集区,从实钻效果看,该区带内油气显示丰富,展现出较好的勘探前景。     

地理科学的价值与地理学者的情怀

本文强调了前辈地理学家提出的关于地理学是介于自然科学和社会科学之间的交叉学科的观点。从中国国家需求及当代国际地理学的发展趋势,从理论与实践的结合上论述了地理科学的学科对象、学科性质及区域性、综合性、知识结构等方面的特点,特别突出地阐述了地理科学与纯自然科学或纯社会科学的诸多不同点。提倡地理学家要十分关注中国的环境变化及带来的严重的可持续发展问题,并发挥综合和交叉研究的优势。此外还指出中国地理学面临着重要的发展机遇,也出现了深刻的危机。     

中国数字地震台网的现状和近期发展

中国数字地震台网（CDSN）自20世纪80年代建成并投入运行以来, 有力地促进了我国的数字地震学研究, 扩大并加深了我们对地壳、 地球内部构造和地震震源过程的认识, 从而有助于地震预报和减轻地震灾害的研究工作. 随着世界科学技术的发展, 中美双方于1992年~2001年,对CDSN进行了二期技术改造.本文综述了CDSN二期技术改造的目标和技术内容;ldquo;新一代rdquo;CDSN的技术特性和运行状况;基于CDSN二期技术改造建立的CDSN数据通信系统,研发CDSN数字地震实时分析系统的进展.      

祁连山北缘冲断带西段构造特征

祁连山北缘冲断带是中国较早发现油田的地区之一,近几年来该区油气勘探又获得进一步突破。文中根据近几年得到的地震、钻井、地面露头资料,结合前人研究成果,分析了祁连山北缘冲断带西段的构造特征。祁连山北缘冲断带具有中国西部山前冲断带的共同特征:构造主要定型于喜山期;断层相关褶皱、冲断构造体系发育;冲断带分段分带明显;构造复杂。除此之外,祁连山北缘冲断带西段也有独特的构造特征。由于不同性质盆地的叠合,冲断带走向方向地层组成变化大;冲断带的分段性受控于古构造格局;主要发育横向叠置的多重冲断构造体系。这些特征造成了北缘冲断带油气勘探的复杂性。