济南东部岩溶水有机污染健康风险评价

近年来,济南岩溶水有机污染越来越突出,为了探究济南岩溶水有机污染对居民健康造成的影响,保障饮用水安全,该文在系统分析研究区水文地质条件的基础上,采用USEPA推荐的健康风险评价模型,根据实际采样测试数据,分析评价了济南东部3处岩溶水井点的有机污染对其范围内暴露人群造成的健康风险。结果表明:检出的主要有机污染物为三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、三氯乙烯、四氯乙烯。3个水井的有机污染非致癌风险未超过限值1,在可接受的范围内,四氯化碳的非致癌风险所占比例最大,为89.85%; 3个采样点有机污染致癌风险,超出了其可接受水平的最小限制10-6,但均未超出可接受的致癌风险的最大限制10-4,风险指数均在10-6~5.0×10-5之间,应该引起关注,产生致癌风险的主要污染物为三氯乙烯。有机污染非致癌风险和致癌风险的主要暴露途径为呼吸吸入,其次是饮水吸收,皮肤接触暴露途径风险值最小。     

Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions, Dyes and Proteins by Chitosan Composites and Derivatives- A Review

Chitosan composites and derivatives have gained wide attentions as effective biosorbents due to their low costs and high contents of amino and hydroxyl functional groups. They have showed significant potentials of removing metal ions, dyes and pro- teins from various media. Chemical modifications that lead to the formation of the chitosan derivatives and chitosan composites have been extensively studied and widely reported in literatures. The aims of this review were to summarize the important information of the bioactivities of chitosan, highlight the various preparation methods of chitosan-based active biosorbents, and outline its potential applications in the adsorption of heavy metal ions, dyes and proteins from wastewater and aqueous solutions.     

船舶柴油机余热利用系统性能优化

【目的】研究提高船舶主机燃料的综合利用率。【方法】结合MAN 6S50ME型船舶柴油机的余热能量特性和循环热力过程特点,分别建立基本循环、缸套水预热循环和回热循环等三种船舶余热利用有机朗肯循环系统模型,对三种余热利用系统的热力性能与经济性能进行计算和分析。【结果与结论】在三种循环系统中,缸套水预热循环的综合性能更具优势,在循环压力为2000 kPa时,系统的综合性能达到最优,循环净功为555.35 kW,热效率可达18.27%,循环发电净收益提高39.64%。研究结果可为船舶柴油机余热利用系统的设计和优化提供一定的理论指导。     

有机蛭石的制备及其层间插层剂排布模式研究

对新疆尉犁蛭石进行钠化改型后用系列烷基季铵盐进行了有机插层处理,利用XRD对样品进行表征.结合季铵盐阳离子的理论几何尺寸,研究了季铵盐阳离子在蛭石晶层的结构和排布方式.结果表明,不同链长烷基季铵盐阳离子在蛭石晶层排列方式的演化途径不同,季铵盐用量和季铵盐阳离子的性质能影响季铵盐阳离子在蛭石晶层的排布方式.当季铵盐用量较低时,季铵盐阳离子在蛭石晶层形成平卧排列,当季铵盐用量较高时,季铵盐阳离子在蛭石晶层形成倾斜排列,且直链烷基越长,季铵盐阳离子在蛭石晶层间越易形成倾斜排列.     

草地生态系统土壤有机碳库对人为干扰和全球变化的响应研究进展

草地土壤碳库碳储量及其变化与调控机制是草地碳循环研究的核心.草地生态系统正经受着越来越严重的人为与自然因素干扰,如土地利用变化、大气氮沉降增加、施肥及大气CO2浓度与温度升高.因此,加强人为干扰和全球变化背景下草地土壤有机碳库的响应研究有重要意义.总结了放牧、草地开垦及外来氮素输入等3种主要的人类活动对土壤有机碳总量和活性碳组分的影响及其对全球变化的响应与适应,在此基础上指出了目前草地生态系统土壤有机碳库研究的薄弱环节及今后的重点研究领域.     

泥质烃源岩密度分级分离与有机碳分配

选取东营凹陷第三系11 块泥质烃源岩样品,粉碎后按小于1.6 g/cm3,1.6~2.2 g/cm3 和大于2.2 g/cm3 的密度,分离成1,2,3 三个组分,希望可以把烃源岩中游离的有机质、无机矿物与有机黏土复合体分别提取出来。对各组分进行质量、有机碳及扫描电镜分析,探讨不同密度组分中有机质赋存形式及有机碳分配方式的差异性。密度分组后各组分的质量、有机碳量回收率基本上达到100%,表明密度分离方法可信,且对烃源岩的破坏较弱。通过扫描电镜观察发现,1 组分中存在大量的生物碎屑有机质,经盐酸处理后,有机质颗粒表面干净,而2,3 组分中只见有大量的矿物颗粒,但能谱分析显示了C 元素的存在。这些特征表明1 组分为生物碎屑有机质,而2,3 组分中有机质与无机矿物相混合。有机碳分析表明,1 组分有机碳含量平均高达14.24％,但其仅占全岩有机碳量的1.11%;2,3 组分中有机碳含量分别为3.26%,2.77%,两者占全岩有机碳量的90% 以上。由此看来与无机矿物相结合是烃源岩中有机质较为重要的赋存方式,这部分有机质对全岩生烃量的贡献不容忽视。     

金属活动态提取法及其在黑龙江大兴安岭森林覆盖区的应用

介绍了金属活动态的理论依据、成晕机制及提取方法,并应用金属活动态提取法在大兴安岭原始森林覆盖区对已知矿进行试验研究,发现在高寒森林覆盖区,利用金的水提取态异常强度低,异常不明显,而金的粘土结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态异常清晰地反映在矿体上方,异常强度居于中等。金的有机质结合态异常值虽然高,但容易受有机质在样品中颗粒大小等因素的影响而使异常出现多个峰值。总之,利用金属活动态提取法在高寒森林覆盖区进行找矿可以快速有效地确定异常,但要注意排除过多有机杂质在提取过程中的影响。     

DISSOLVED AND PARTICULATE ORGANIC CARBON IN YANTAI SISHILI BAY AQUICULTURE WATERS

Investigation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) at 12 stations in Yantal Sishili Bay in May, August, and November of 1997 and March and May of 1998 showed that DOC concentrations varied from 1.14 mg/L to 5.35 mg/L; that the average values at all staticrLs ineach entise varied from 1.52 mg/L to 2.12 mg/L; that POC concentrafions varied from 0.049 mg/L to 1.411mg/L; and averaged 0.159 mg/L to 0.631 mg/L in each cruise. Horizontal distribution of DOC was influ-enced by factors such as continental input, organism activity, temperature, aquieulture environment, etc. The higher POC concentration occurred along the coast. The vertical distribution of DOC and POC changed obviously in spring and summer, but not obviously in autumn and winter. DOC concentration was highest in summer and POC in spring; both were lowest in winter. The seasonal change of DOC was con-sistent with primary productivity seasonal variation, and that of POC was consistent with ehlorophyll-a sea-sanal variation. The seasonal change trend of the C/N ratio of dissolved organic matter was obvious, but the C/N ratio of particulate organic matter had no such trend.     

Land use effects on soil organic carbon,microbial biomass and microbial activity in Changbai Mountains of Northeast China

Land use changes are known to alter soil organic carbon （SOC） and microbial properties, however, information about how conversion of natural forest to agricultural land use as well as plantations affects SOC and microbial properties in the Changbai Moun- tains of Northeast China is meager. Soil carbon content, microbial biomass carbon （MBC）, basal respiration and soil carbon mineraliza- tion were studied in five selected types of land use： natural old-growth broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest （NF）; spruce plantation （SP） established following clear-cutting of NF; cropland （CL）; ginseng farmland （GF） previously under NF; and a five-year Mongolian oak young forest （YF） reforested on an abandoned GF, in the Changbai Mountains of Northeast China in 2011. Results showed that SOC content was significantly lower in SP, CL, GF, and YF than in NF. MBC ranged from 304.4 mg/kg in CL to 1350.3 mg/kg in NF, which was significantly higher in the soil of NF than any soil of the other four land use types. The SOC and MBC contents were higher in SP soil than in CL, GF, and YF soils, yielding a significant difference between SP and CL. The value of basal respiration was also higher in NF than in SP, CL, GF, and YF. Simultaneously, higher values of the metabolic quotient were detected in CL, GF, and YF soils, indicat- ing low substrate utilization of the soil microbial community compared with that in NF and SP soil. The values of cumulative mineral- ized carbon and potentially mineralized carbon （Co） in NF were significantly higher than those in CL and GF, while no significant dif- ference was observed between NF and SP. In addition, YF had higher values of Co and C mineralization rate compared with GF. The results indicate that conversion from NF into agricultural land （CL and GF） uses and plantation may lead to a reduction in soil nutrients （SOC and MBC） and substrate utilization efficiency of the microbial community. By contrast, soils below SP were more conducive to the preservation of soil organic matter, which was reflected in the comparison of microbial indicators among CL, GF, and YF land uses. This study can provide data for evaluating soils nutrients under different land use types, and serve as references for the rational land use of natural forest in the study area.     

珍珠抛光乳化蜡的研制

以巴西棕榈蜡、川蜡、蜂蜡、石蜡等为原料,利用有机概念图原理,设计了珍珠抛光用蜡乳液的配方,探讨了乳化温度、乳化时间、相同配方时不同乳液类型等对乳化蜡的稳定性的影响,制作出了适合珍珠抛光的蜡乳液。结果表明:利用均质机乳化,在乳化温度95℃、乳化时间30 min、转速为1 000～2 000 r/min时,所配制的珍珠抛光乳液稳定性较好,对提高珍珠光泽具有明显效果。