河南省鲁山县背孜矿区石墨矿床地质特征及其成因探讨

河南省鲁山县背孜石墨矿床地处华北地台南缘灵宝-鲁山-舞阳石墨成矿带。矿区主要含矿岩石为太华群水底沟组片麻岩及大理岩。该区断裂构造较为发育,构造活动对矿体起到了一定的破坏作用,同时造成了本区石墨的局部富集。矿石类型主要为片麻岩型石墨矿,石墨呈晶质鳞片状。通过野外观察,室内矿石组分研究以及碳同位素分析认为该石墨矿床成因类型应为沉积变质矿床,并具有后期热液叠加富集特征,成矿物质来源主要为有机碳与无机碳两种类型,且不同含矿岩石中碳质来源具有差异性特征。     

A Review of “Renewable Energy Project Development Under the Clean Development Mechanism: A Guide for Latin America”

Books reviewed in this article:

Kurt E. Engelmann and Vjeran Pavlakovic (eds.), Rural Development in Eurasia and the Middle East: Land Reform, Demographic Change, and Environmental Constraints

Gregory C. Randall, America's Original GI Town: Park Forest, Illinois

John B. Rehder, Delta Sugar: Louisiana's Vanishing Plantation Landscape

Cathy D. Knepper, Greenbelt, Maryland: A Living Legacy of the New Deal

Char Miller (ed.), Fluid Arguments: Five Centuries of Western Water Conflict

Edward F. Bergman, The Spiritual Traveler: New York City: The Guide to Sacred Spaces and Peaceful Places

Rachel Pain, Michael Barke, Duncan Fuller, Jamie Gough, Robert MacFarlane, and Graham Mowl, Introducing Social Geographies

Tor A. Benjaminsen, and Christian Lund, (eds.), Politics, Property, and Production in the West African Sahel: Understanding Natural Resources Management

Al Gedicks, Resource Rebels: Native Challenges to Mining and Oil Corporations

Maryann P. Feldman and Nadine Massard (eds.), Institutions and Systems in the Geography of Innovation

Richard Foglesong, Married to the Mouse: Walt Disney World and Orlando

Annick Germain, and Damaris Rose, Montréal: The Quest for a Metropolis

George F. Rengert, Mark T. Mattson, and Kristin D. Henderson, Campus Security: Situational Crime Prevention in High–Density Environments

Vaclav Smil, Feeding the World: A Challenge for the Twenty–First Century

Pu Miao (ed.), Public Places in Asia Pacific Cities: Current Issues and Strategies

Lisa M. Benton and John Rennie Short (eds.), Environmental Discourse and Practice: A Reader

Philip Scranton (ed.), The Second Wave: Southern Industrialization from the 1940s to the 1970s

Barry Dalal–Clayton and David Dent, Knowledge of the Land: Land Resources Information and Its Use in Rural Development     

From Household Decisions to Global Networks: Biogas and the Allure of Carbon Trading in Nepal

Nepal has more than 250,000 household biogas digesters that replace firewood with methane for most cooking needs, thus conserving forest resources while reducing indoor air pollution, reducing workloads for energy procurement, and providing a fertilizer slurry by-product. Biogas is also an approved clean development mechanism that reduces carbon emissions, creating a potential revenue stream for the government from global carbon trading markets through aggregating household biogas plants into larger projects for carbon trading. This article traces the shift to biogas as a neoliberal development strategy in Nepal by exploring the connection between biogas as a household energy decision and global carbon trading.     

极端降雨事件对不同类型生物土壤结皮覆盖土壤碳释放的影响

于2011年5-8月,选择腾格里沙漠东南缘人工固沙植被区藻类、藓类和混生结皮覆盖的土壤为对象,研究了极端降雨量(降雨量44.7 mm、强度0.04 mm,min-1)、极端降雨强度(降雨量8.3 mm、强度0.55 mm·min-1)及普通降雨(降雨量16.3 mm、强度0.02 mm·min-1)条件下的碳释放过程.碳释放量的测定采用Li-6400-09土壤呼吸室,降雨结束后立即开始观测,直到呼吸速率恢复到降雨前水平时停止观测.结果表明:极端降雨(降雨量和降雨强度)结束初期藻类和混生结皮覆盖土壤的呼吸速率受到明显抑制,藻类结皮覆盖土壤呼吸速率分别为0.12 μmol·m-2·s-1和0.41 μmol·m-2·s-1,混生结皮覆盖土壤呼吸速率分别为0.10 μmol·m-2·s-1和0.45μmol·m-2·s-1;而极端降雨对藓类结皮覆盖土壤的影响不明显,呼吸速率分别为0.83 μmol·m-2·s-1和1.69μmol·m-2·s-1.这说明处于演替高级阶段的藓类结皮能够很好地应对短期的极端降雨事件.     

昆明市碳源碳汇结构变化及其驱动因子研究

基于碳平衡理论,通过综合分析城市区域内主要自然生态系统的固碳功能,以及主要社会经济活动的排碳行为,构建了城市碳平衡分析模型,并以昆明市为例进行了研究。结果表明:昆明市碳收支不平衡,碳汇对碳源的抵消作用很弱;并且随着社会经济的发展这种不平衡状况在加剧,2010年,昆明市碳平衡系数为1.90,即城市释碳量是固碳量的1.90倍;碳供需余缺(释碳量-固碳量)达到1565.35×104t/a。产值增长是碳排放增加的主要动力,而能源强度下降、能源结构和产业结构调整是减缓碳排放的主要动力。     

欧盟碳减排目标的经济可能性评估

经济发展与能源消耗有着密切的关系,文章通过选取1994年至2009年欧盟27国的人口、经济和能源数据,利用碳排放动力学模型对欧盟关于2050年前削减温室气体排放80-95%的承诺进行预测,并对欧盟目标下的减排情景进行了分析。结果表明：（1）以当前的技术进步速率下,沿最优平稳经济增长路线,到2050年欧盟的碳排放量将为775.608MtC,达不到预定的减排要求;（2）在最优经济增长速度得出总能源消费量的基础上,采用调整能源结构与碳捕捉技术,预期可以达到设定减排80%的任务。其每一期的煤炭占比、石油占比、天然气占比应分别有4%、2.26%、1.23%转移至非碳能源占比,非碳能源的上升速率应达到2.21%/年;（3）若以历史的能源结构转移趋势预测未来的能源结构占比,即使考虑能源利用效率和碳捕捉技术的预期目标,欧盟仍然达不到在2050年的减排目标;（4）考虑欧盟提出的四种减排路径上下限组合,可预计出到2050年欧盟的减排范围在80.51%-87.16%;（5）若欧盟重振工业（特别是制造业）,即使考虑欧盟制定的减排路径,仍存在着达不到减排预期的可能。     

国内外有机农业发展演化与区域比较研究

本文对世界有机农业发展演化进行梳理,将其发展历程分为产生、发展和增长阶段,并介绍了各阶段的主要特点。以大洋洲、北美洲、欧洲和亚洲有机农业发展较好的区域进行典型性对比分析,选取有机农田面积、有机农业从业人员和有机产品销售等标志性指标,综述了世界有机农业的发展动态,并对各地区有机农业发展的成功经验进行总结。简述我国有机农业的发展演化,从有机产品贸易额、有机农产品产区分布和有机企业空间分布总结了我国有机农业的发展现状,并提出我国未来有机农业的发展对策。     

The role of visualisation in the choice of stationary non-separable space–time covariance functions: an application to air pollution data

Modelling spatio-temporal dependencies resulting from dynamic processes that evolve in both space and time is essential in many scientific fields. Spatio-temporal Kriging is one of the space–time procedures, which has progressed the most over the last few years. Kriging predictions strongly depend on the covariance function associated with the stochastic process under study. Therefore, the choice of such a covariance function, which is usually based on empirical covariance, is a core aspect in the prediction procedure. As the empirical covariance is not necessarily a permissible covariance function, it is necessary to fit a valid covariance model. Due to the complexity of these valid models in the spatio-temporal case, visualising them is of great help, at least when selecting the set of candidate models to represent the spatio-temporal dependencies suggested by the empirical covariogram. We focus on the visualisation of the most interesting stationary non-separable covariance functions and how they change as their main parameters take different values. We wrote a specialised code for visualisation purposes. In order to illustrate the usefulness of visualisation when choosing the appropriate non-separable spatio-temporal covariance model, we focus on an important pollution problem, namely the levels of carbon monoxide, in the city of Madrid, Spain.     

静电场轨道阱质谱在水中溶解性有机质表征中的应用进展

溶解性有机质(Dissolved Organic Matter,DOM)在水生生态环境中广泛存在,影响着水环境中多种物质的生物地球化学性质.分析其组成与含量具有重要的生态环境意义,是生态环境科学领域研究的热点.溶解性有机质组成非常复杂,其分子组成的解析一直是难题.近年来,具有高分辨率、高灵敏度、高通量、高扫描速率等特性...