Seismic response of continuous span bridges through fiber-based finite element analysis

1 Introduction Older design codes based on equivalent elastic force approaches proved to be ineffective in preventing damage caused by destructive earthquakes. After recent major earthquakes (e.g. Northridge 1994, Kobe 1995, and Kocaeli 1999 etc.), the necessity for using more accurate methods, which explicitly account for geometrical nonlinearities and material inelasticity, to evaluate seismic demand on structures, became evident. Within this framework, two analysis tools are currently offe…     

A generalized layered radiative transfer model in the vegetation canopy

In this paper, a generalized layered model for radiation transfer in canopy with high vertical resolution is developed. Differing from the two-stream approximate radiation transfer model commonly used in the land surface models, the generalized model takes into account the effect of complicated canopy morphology and inhomogeneous optical properties of leaves on radiation transfer within the canopy. In the model, the total leaf area index （LAI） of the canopy is divided into many layers. At a given layer, the influences of diffuse radiation angle distributions and leaf angle distributions on radiation transfer within the canopy are considered. The derivation of equations serving the model are described in detail, and these can deal with various diffuse radiation transfers in quite broad categories of canopy with quite inhomogeneons vertical structures and uneven leaves with substantially different optical properties of adaxial and abaxial faces of the leaves. The model is used to simulate the radiation transfer for canopies with horizontal leaves to validate the generalized model. Results from the model are compared with those from the two-stream scheme, and differences between these two models are discussed.     

基于MODIS数据的城市光化学污染预警系统及预警等级研究

通过分析MODIS遥感数据反演的大气气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)与大气环境污染的关系,结果表明当空气清洁没有污染时,AOD小于0.3,当空气轻度污染时,AOD在0.3~1.0之间,当空气污染严重时,AOD大于1.0。在分析AOD与地面大气污染的关系的基础上,结合地面空气污染监测数据的空气污染指数,将城市光化学污染的预警等级分为无、微弱、较弱、较强和强五级,并对城市光化学污染预警系统进行了框架分析,为进一步建设城市光化学污染预警系统提供基础。     

一次积层混合云系人工增雨作业的综合观测分析

综合利用多普勒天气雷达资料、FY-2E静止卫星反演云参数、MODIS极轨卫星反演产品和地面降水资料,对湖南2013年8月17日一次飞行作业的积层混合云降水结构及催化效果进行了分析。研究表明,作业云系以云顶温度较低的积层混合云为主。-10℃以上存在深厚的冰相增长带,云顶以冰相的大粒子为主;-10℃层以下,云滴的凝结碰并作用显著,冰相过程显著。光学厚度与地面降水有很好的正相关性,能很好地反映降水落区。回波垂直廓线表明,催化云系冷层厚度较大,0℃层附近液水含量较为充沛,降水以冰相过程为主。深厚的冰相层和冰水混合层的配置有利于降水的发生,在以冷云过程形成降水的位置进行催化作业,催化部位和时机较为科学合理。物理统计分析发现,催化后高层的回波强度率先增长,低层响应较为滞后,说明催化率先引起高层降水粒子的增长,雨滴增长下落后导致低层回波出现增长。相对于对比区,催化能引起回波强度和降水增强,并能相对延长目标云区的生命期,催化效果较为明显。     

分布式布里渊光纤传感技术在工程安全监测的应用

工程安全监测是通过对工程本体及其周边环境进行实时、在线监测,分析其稳定性,并对工程安全进行预警。相对于电子传感系统,分布式光纤传感技术具有很大的优越性,如分布式、长距离、实时性和准确性等,可满足工程安全监测和早期预警的要求。以基坑测斜和隧道涵洞变形监测为例,介绍了依据布里渊频移原理和分布式光纤传感器技术在安全监测方面的应用。结果表明:分布式布里渊频光纤技术能够分别准确地反映基坑工程的变形情况和地铁涵洞顶部的岩层应变,是一种比较理想的工程安全监测方法。     

玄武岩纤维黄土抗剪强度变化规律与最优配合比分析

基于正交试验设计,进行固结不排水三轴(CU)试验,对试验结果进行极差和方差分析。并在控制含水率、压实度不变的条件下,研究玄武岩纤维黄土抗剪强度指标随纤维掺量的变化规律。结果表明:含水率、压实度、玄武岩纤维掺量、围压都是抗剪强度的显著影响因子;方差分析得到的局部最优配合比为含水率11%,压实度0.95,玄武岩纤维掺量0.4%;通过对最优配合比作进一步研究发现,黏聚力随纤维掺量的增加先增大后减小,当纤维掺量在0.4%左右时,黏聚力最大;纤维掺量为0.2%时,内摩擦角明显减小,纤维掺量为0.8%时,内摩擦角发生了较为显著的升高;其余的相差都不大,内摩擦角和掺量呈现上凹形曲线,实际工程中应控制纤维掺量不少于0.2%。     

纤维加筋土抗液化性能的研究进展

根据加筋方式的不同,纤维加筋可分为定向分布的纤维加筋和随机分布的纤维加筋两大类。本文针对这两类加筋方式,分别综述了纤维加筋技术在土体抗液化方面的相关研究进展,同时对纤维加筋土抗液化性能的主要影响因素进行了分析。既有针对纤维加筋土进行的动三轴试验、扭剪试验及模型试验等均表明,纤维加筋技术能有效地增强土体的抗液化强度,同时减小液化所引起的变形,是一种具有广泛应用前景的抗液化措施。     

双膜式光纤Bragg光栅土压力传感器的研究

采用双膜油腔结构研制了一种双膜式光纤Bragg光栅土压力传感器,偏压试验表明,此土压力传感器有效改善了与土压力传感器接触部分土压力分布不均的问题。在土压力的作用下,一次膜片变形产生的压力经传压油传递给二次膜片,传压杆与等强度悬臂梁刚性连接,二次膜片中心发生的挠度变化推动传压杆,使等强度悬臂梁的自由端发生同样大小的挠度变化。通过检测粘贴于等强度悬臂梁表面中心轴线上的光纤Bragg光栅的波长移位可获得土压力。载荷试验表明,传感器的灵敏度为 412.7 pm/MPa,非线性误差为1.97%FS,重复性误差为3.68%FS。     

基于分布式应变监测的大跨度斜拉桥结构损伤探测

结构损伤具有典型的局部性质,通常表现为局部应变的异常。结构应变的分布式监测与损伤敏感特征分析,是实现大跨桥梁损伤探测与定位的理想途径之一。但是,由于环境噪声的影响,对分布式应变信号的监测往往不能准确反映结构出现的损伤状况。因此,提出了通过小波变换对分布式光纤测试的斜拉桥桥面应变分布进行多尺度分析的方法。这种方法可以克服分布式光纤应变监测信号受观测噪声和空间分辨率平均效应的不利影响,准确地确定空间域信号奇异点在桥面的位置。同时,在实验室建立了比尺为1∶150的模型斜拉桥。通过对斜拉桥数值模型与物理模型试验结果的分析和比较,验证了所提出方法的有效性。     

Inter-comparison of seasonal variability and nonlinear trend between AERONET aerosol optical depth and PM10 mass concentrations in Hong Kong

Here we used Empirical Mode Decomposition(EMD) method to study seasonal variability and nonlinear trend of corrected AERONET Aerosol Optical Depth(AOD/Hi) and corrected PM10 mass concentrations(PM10×f(RH)) in Hong Kong during 2005–2011. AOD/Hi is highly correlated with PM10×f(RH) in semi-annual and annual time scales(with correlation coefficient 0.67 for semi-annual and 0.79 for annual components, 95% confidence interval). On the semi-annual scale, both AOD/Hi and PM10×f(RH) can capture the two maxima in March and October, respectively, with much stronger amplitude in March probably due to the long-range transport of dust storm. On the annual cycle, the AOD/Hi and PM10×f(RH), which are negatively correlated with the precipitation and solar radiation, vary coherently with the maxima in February. This annual peak occurs about one month earlier than the first peak of the semi-annual variability in March, but with only half amplitude. During 2005–2011, both AOD/Hi and PM10×f(RH) exhibit the pronounced decreasing trend with the mean rate of 14 μg m–3 per year for PM10×f(RH), which reflects the significant effects of the air pollution control policy in Hong Kong during the past decade. The nonlinear trend analysis indicates that the decreasing of PM10×f(RH) is slower than that of AOD/Hi when the AOD/Hi is less than 0.44 but becomes faster when the AOD/Hi exceeds 0.44. These results illustrate that the AERONET AOD can be used quantitatively to estimate local air-quality variability on the semi-annual, annual, and long-term trend time scales.