湖/陆风过程中湍流摩擦作用的数值分析(英文)

本文利用一个湍流能量闭合的二维原始方程模式分析讨论了湍流交换对湖/陆风过程的影响。文中较详细地介绍了湍能闭合方法,分析了在湖(陆)风发展的不同阶段湍流交换强度的分布特征并讨论了大尺度风场对湍流交换系数场的影响。     

South China Sea summer monsoon onset in relation to the off-equatorial ITCZ

Observations of the South China Sea summer monsoon （SCSSM） demonstrate the different features between the early and late onsets of the monsoon. The determining factor related to the onset and the resultant monsoon rainfall might be the off-equatorial ITCZ besides the land-sea thermal contrast. The northward-propagating cumulus convection over the northern Indian Ocean could enhance the monsoon trough so that the effect of the horizontal advection of moisture and heat is substantially increased, thus westerlies can eventually penetrate and prevail over the South China Sea （SCS） region.     

沈阳及其附近地区小震复合震源机制解

在收集了沈阳及其附近地区 (12 1°30′～ 12 4°30′E ,4 1°～ 4 3°N)已有地震震源机制解成果的基础上 ,利用MAPSIS系统提供的P波初动求解方法 ,求解了 1974年 12月～ 2 0 0 1年 12月期间 ,该区域小震复合震源机制解 (平均解 )。结果表明 ,研究区主压应力轴P轴集中分布在NEE SWW方向 ,主张应力轴T轴集中分布在NNW SSE方向 ,这与本地区区域应力场的方向一致。     

海温及其变化对南海夏季风爆发的影响

文中利用 1 5a(1 982～ 1 996)的 NOAA射出长波辐射 (OLR)、NCEP/NCAR的风场和海表温度 (SST)再分析网格点资料研究了南海、太平洋和印度洋海温及其变化对南海夏季风爆发的影响。首先发现爆发时南海区域平均的海表温度高于 2 9℃。季风爆发的时间与南海南部SST年循环最高值出现的时间基本一致。冬春季海表增暖是环流场突变的基础。SST超前于低层西风和对流的增强而升高 ,从而造成季节性的大气条件不稳定增大。通过暖池移动过程 ,考察了南海夏季风爆发期间 SST场、风场和 OLR场的演变特征。季风环流的变化是对海表增温强迫的响应。最大暖水轴在 1 0°N出现有利于 ITCZ在南海建立。南海 -西太平洋增温时 ,具有很强的纬向不均匀性 ,而印度洋则比较均匀。南海深对流的爆发与 SST纬向梯度有关。南海夏季风爆发的年际变化与 SST异常有关系。季风爆发偏晚年和偏早年冬春季 SST正、负距平区的符号相反。偏晚年的 SSTA分布呈 El Nino型 ,偏早年的 SSTA分布如同 L aNina型。不同类型的 SST异常对季风环流的影响不同。在 El Nino型强迫下 ,西太平洋副热带高压比常年偏南、偏西 ,东风在南海维持的时间较长 ,赤道西风出现的时间晚 ,南海地区对流活动受到抑制 ,故南海季风爆发偏晚。反之 ,爆发偏早     

Response of the South China Sea summer monsoon onset to air-sea heat fluxes over the Indian Ocean

We objectively define the onset date of the South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon, after having evaluated previous studies and considered various factors. Then, interannual and interdecadal characteristics of the SCS summer monsoon onset are analyzed. In addition, we calculate air-sea heat fluxes over the Indian Ocean using the advanced method of CORARE3.0, based on satellite remote sensing data. The onset variation cycle has remarkable interdecadal variability with cycles of 16 a and 28 a. Correlation analysis between air-sea heat fluxes in the Indian Ocean and the SCS summer monsoon indicates that there is a remarkable lag correlation between them. This result has important implications for prediction of the SCS summer monsoon, and provides a scientific basis for further study of the onset process of this monsoon and its prediction. Based on these results, a linear regression equation is obtained to predict the onset date of the monsoon in 2011 and 2012. The forecast is that the onset date of 2011 will be normal or 1 pentad earlier than the normal year, while the onset date in 2012 will be 1-2 pentads later.     

西太平洋暖池区域热通量变化及其与南海夏季风爆发的关系

利用卫星遥感资料反演出的海洋大气参数,应用目前世界较为先进的通量算法(CORAER 3.0),计算了西太平洋区域海-气热通量(感热通量和潜热通量)。首先分析了海-气热通量的多年平均场和气候场变化的基本特征,以及年际和年代际变化特征;进而对其与南海夏季风爆发之间的关系进行了初步探讨。结果表明,西太平洋海-气热通量具有明显的时空分布特征,感热通量的最大值出现在黑潮区域,潜热通量的最大值出现在北赤道流区和黑潮区域。在气候平均场中,黑潮区域的感热通量和潜热通量最大值均出现在冬季,最小值出现在夏季;暖池区域感热通量除了春季较小外,冬、夏和秋季基本相同,而潜热通量最大值出现在秋、冬季,最小值出现在春、夏季。另外,海-气热通量还具有显著的年际变化和年代际变化,感热通量和潜热通量均存在16 a周期,与南海夏季风爆发存在相同的周期。由相关分析可知,4月份暖池区域的海-气热通量与滞后3 a的南海夏季风爆发之间存在密切相关关系,这种时滞相关性,可以用于进行南海夏季风爆发的预测,为我国汛期降水预报提供科学依据。基于以上结论,建立多元回归方程对2012年的南海夏季风爆发进行了预测,预测2012年南海夏季风爆发将偏晚1～2候左右。     

The boreal spring stratospheric final warming and its interannual and interdecadal variability

Based on the daily NCEP/DOE reanalysis II data,dates of the boreal spring Stratospheric Final Warming(SFW) events during 1979–2010 are defined as the time when the zonal-mean zonal wind at the central latitudes(65°–75°N) of the westerly polar jet drops below zero and never recovers until the subsequent autumn.It is found that the SFW events occur successively from the mid to the lower stratosphere and averagely from the mid to late April with a temporal lag of about 13 days from 10 to 50 hPa.Over the past 32 years,the earliest SFW occurs in mid March whereas the latest SFW happens in late May,showing a clear interannual variability of the time of SFW.Accompanying the SFW onset,the stratospheric circulation transits from a winter dynamical regime to a summertime state,and the maximum negative tendency of zonal wind and the strongest convergence of planetary-wave are observed.Composite results show that the early/late SFW events in boreal spring correspond to a quicker/slower transition of the stratospheric circulation,with the zonal-mean zonal wind reducing about 20/5 m s-1 at 30 hPa within 10 days around the onset date.Meanwhile,the planetary wave activities are relatively strong/weak associating with an out-of-/in-phase circumpolar circulation anomaly before and after the SFW events in the stratosphere.All these results indicate that,the earlier breakdown of the stratospheric polar vortex(SPV),as for the winter stratospheric sudden warming(SSW) events is driven mainly by wave forcing;and in contrast,the later breakdown of the SPV exhibits more characteristics of its seasonal evolution.Nevertheless,after the breakdown of SPV,the polar temperature anomalies always exhibit an out-of-phase relationship between the stratosphere and the troposphere for both the early and late SFW events,which implies an intimate stratosphere–troposphere dynamical coupling in spring.In addition,there exists a remarkable interdecadal change of the onset time of SFW in the mid 1990s.On average,the SFW onset time before the mid 1990s is 11 days earlier than that afterwards,corresponding to the increased/decreased planetary wave activities in late winter-early spring before/after the 1990s.     

索马里跨赤道气流对南海夏季风爆发的重要作用

通过分析NCEP/NCAR多年再分析资料,清楚地揭露了南海夏季风爆发与索马里跨赤道南风气流建立之间的重要关系.对应南海夏季风爆发,总是已先期在赤道印度洋地区有西风加强和索马里跨赤道南风气流的建立;而且,若南海夏季风爆发偏早(晚),赤道印度洋地区西风的加强和索马里跨赤道南风气流的建立也偏早(晚).可以认为,索马里跨赤道南风气流的稳定建立是南海夏季风爆发的重要物理机制之一,它的建立导致赤道印度洋地区西风的持续加强和向东扩展,并最终在南海地区形成西南气流.     

Unravelling the widening of the earliest Andean northern orogen: Maastrichtian to early Eocene intra‐basinal deformation in the northern Eastern Cordillera of Colombia

The onset of deformation in the northern Andes is overprinted by subsequent stages of basin deformation, complicating the examination of competing models illustrating potential location of earliest synorogenic basins and uplifts. To establish the width of the earliest northern Andean orogen, we carried out field mapping, palynological dating, sedimentary, stratigraphic and provenance analyses in Campanian to lower Eocene units exposed in the northern Eastern Cordillera of Colombia (Cocuy region) and compare the results with coeval succession in adjacent basins. The onset of deformation is recorded in earliest Maastrichtian time, as terrigenous detritus arrived into the basin marking the end of chemical precipitation and the onset of clastic deposition produced by the uplift of a western source area dominated by shaly Cretaceous rocks. Disconformable contacts within the upper Maastrichtian to middle Palaeocene succession document increasing supply of quartzose sandy detritus from Cretaceous quartzose rocks exposed in eastern source areas. The continued unroofing of both source areas produced a rapid shift in depositional environments from shallow marine in Maastrichtian to fluvial‐lacustrine systems during the Palaeocene‐early Eocene. Supply of immature Jurassic sandstones from nearby western uplifts, together with localized plutonic and volcanic Cretaceous rocks, caused a shift in Palaeocene sandstones composition from quartzarenites to litharenites. Supply of detrital sandy fragments, unstable heavy minerals and Cretaceous to Ordovician detrital zircons, were derived from nearby uplifted blocks and from SW fluvial systems within the synorogenic basin, instead of distal basement rocks. The presence of volcanic rock fragments and 51–59 Ma volcanic zircons constrain magmatism within the basin. The Maastrichtian–Palaeocene sequence studied here documents crustal deformation that correlates with coeval deformation farther south in Ecuador and Peru. Slab flattening of the subducting Caribbean plate produced a wider orogen (>400 km) with a continental magmatic arc and intra‐basinal deformation and magmatism.     

Turbulent fluxes over east-central Arabian sea during MONEX

Fluxes of momentum, latent heat and sensible heat at fixed stations in the east-central Arabian sea during MONEX were studied. Observations at the same locations at different periods as well as simultaneous observation at different locations were compared. During the advance of monsoon, momentum flux showed remarkable increase. Latent heat loss from sea also increased while sensible heat flux, in general, changed direction to become a gain by the sea. SST decreased by about 1.5°C and air temperature decreased by about 1°C during the advance phase. A north-south difference in SST in the study region seemed to be favourable for the genesis of onset vortex of monsoon. The possible differential effect of this storm at two different locations, depending upon the SST before the storm, is also discussed.