SATELLITE-OBSERVED RADIATIVE ENERGY BUDGET DURING ONSET PHASE OF SUMMER MONSOON

In this paper satellite-derived radiative energy budget such as shortwave radiative heating,longwaveradiative heating and net radiation balance have been studied for the onset phase of summer monsoon1979. Since cloud play an important role in determining diabatic heating field as well as being a reflectionof status of the monsoon itself, the day to day evolution of clouds from TIROS-N satellite has beenmade. Satellite-derived radiative heating rates from surface to 100 hPa were computed for each 100 hPathickness layer. These heating rates were then compared with the observed latitudinal distribution of total radintive heating rates over the domain of the study. From the results of our study it was found thatthe characteristic features such as net radiative heating rates of the order of 0.2℃/day at upper tropospheric level(100-200 hPa)and cooling throughout the lower tropospheric layers with relatively lesscooling between 500-700 hPa layer observed.in a case of satellitexierived radiative energy budget agreewell with the characteristic features of observational radiative energy budget over the domain of thestudy. Therefore, it is suggested that radiative energy budget derived from satellite observati0ns be usedwith great potential and confidence for the evolution of complete life cycle of monsoon over the Indianregion for different years.     

澜沧—耿马地震孕育过程中应力场时空变化与预测检验

本文利用地震波资料,对1988年11月6日澜沧—耿马大震孕育过程中,震区及周围地区应力场(方向和强度)时空调整变动进行了分析研究。资料表明,在大震孕育发展的不同阶段,震区及周围应力场调整变动有着不同的表现特征。本文还对依据应力场时空调整变动在大震前作出的中期预测与震后检验进行了分析讨论。     

DETERMINATION OF SOUTH CHINA SEA MONSOON ONSET AND EAST ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON INDEX

Results of the definition of South China Sea summer monsoon onset date and East Asian summer monsoon index in recent years are summarized in this paper. And more questions to be resolved are introduced later.     

Marine boundary layer characteristics during a cyclonic storm over the Bay of Bengal

During the period 12–16 June 1996 a tropical cyclonic storm formed over the southwest Bay of Bengal and moved in a north-northeasterly direction. The thermodynamic characteristics of this system are investigated by utilizing the surface and upper air observations collected onboardORV Sagar Kanya over the Bay of Bengal region. The response of the cyclonic storm is clearly evident from the ship observations when the ship was within the distance of 600–800 km from the cyclonic storm. This study explores why (i) the whole atmosphere from surface to 500 hPa had become warm and moist during the cyclonic storm period as compared to before and after the formation of this system and (ii) the lower layer of the atmosphere had become stable during the formative stage of the cyclonic storm.     

Possible mechanism of the effect of convection over Asian-Australian “land bridge” on the East Asian summer monsoon onset

The Asian-Australian “land bridge” is an area with the most vigorous convection in Asian monsoon region in boreal spring, where the onset and march of convection are well associated with the onset of East Asian summer monsoon. The convection occurs over Indo-China Peninsula as early as mid-April, which exerts critical impact on the evolution of monsoon circulation. Before mid-April there are primarily sensible heatings to the atmosphere over Indo-China Peninsula and Indian Peninsula, so the apparent heating ratios over them decrease with height. However, after mid-April it changes into latent heating over Indo-China Peninsula due to the onset of convection, and the apparent heating ratio increases with height in mid-and lower troposphere. The vertical distribution of heating ratio and its differences between Indo-China Peninsula and Indian Peninsula are the key factors leading to the splitting of boreal subtropical high belt over the Bay of Bengal. Such mechanism is strongly supported by the fact that the evolution of the vertical heating ratio gradient above Indo-China Peninsula leads that of 850 hPa vorticity over the Bay of Bengal. Convections over Indo-China Peninsula and its surrounding areas further increase after the splitting. Since then, there is a positive feedback lying among the convective heating, the eastward retreat of the subtropical high and the march of monsoon, which is a possible mechanism of the advance of summer monsoon and convection from Indo-China Peninsula to South China Sea.     

东亚高空急流异常与江淮入梅的关系

使用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料分析了东亚高空急流异常与江淮入梅的关系,得出:东亚高空急流对江淮入梅早、晚有一定的短期预测指示意义。当东亚高空急流偏北时,江淮入梅偏早;反之,当东亚高空急流偏南时,江淮入梅偏晚。东亚高空急流偏北年,西北太平洋海区异常冷,亚欧大陆异常暖,东亚大陆和西太平洋的纬向海陆热力差异由冬到夏的季节转变异常偏早,导致东亚地区大气环流发生季节性转变也偏早;同时,中东太平洋地区ITCZ异常活跃,夏季风系统的推进和副热带高压以及南亚高压的北跳都异常偏早,这种环流有利于江淮梅雨季节开始偏早;高空急流偏南年情况正好相反。     

Recent Progress in Studies of the Variabilities and Mechanisms of the East Asian Monsoon in a Changing Climate

Located in a monsoon domain,East Asia suffers devastating natural hazards induced by anomalous monsoon behaviors.East Asian monsoon(EAM)research has traditionally been a high priority for the Chinese climate community and is particularly challenging in a changing climate where the global mean temperature has been rising.Recent advances in studies of the variabilities and mechanisms of the EAM are reviewed in this paper,focusing on the interannual to interdecadal time scales.Some new results have been achieved in understanding the behaviors of the EAM,such as the evolution of the East Asian summer monsoon(EASM),including both its onset and withdrawal over the South China Sea,the changes in the northern boundary activity of the EASM,or the transitional climate zone in East Asia,and the cycle of the EASM and the East Asian winter monsoon and their linkages.In addition,understanding of the mechanism of the EAM variability has improved in several aspects,including the impacts of different types of ENSO on the EAM,the impacts from the Indian Ocean and Atlantic Ocean,and the roles of mid-to high-latitude processes.Finally,some scientific issues regarding our understanding of the EAM are proposed for future investigation.     

Decadal Changes in Interannual Dependence of the Bay of Bengal Summer Monsoon Onset on ENSO Modulated by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation

Interannual variations of the Bay of Bengal summer monsoon (BOBSM) onset in association with El Ni?o?Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are reexamined using NCEP1, JRA-55 and ERA20C atmospheric and Hadley sea surface temperature (SST) reanalysis datasets over the period 1900?2017. Decadal changes exist in the dependence of the BOBSM onset on ENSO, varying with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). A higher correlation between the BOBSM onset and ENSO arises during the warm PDO epochs, with distinct late (early) onsets following El Ni?o (La Ni?a) events. In contrast, less significant correlations occur during the cold PDO epochs. The mechanism for the PDO modulating the ENSO?BOBSM onset relationship is through the variations in SST anomaly (SSTA) patterns. During the warm PDO epochs, the superimpositions of the PDO-related and ENSO-related SSTAs lead to the SSTA distribution of an El Ni?o (La Ni?a) event exhibiting significant positive (negative) SSTAs over the tropical central?eastern Pacific and Indian Ocean along with negative (positive) SSTAs, especially over the tropical western Pacific (TWP), forming a strong zonal interoceanic SSTA gradient between the TWP and tropical Indian Ocean. Significant anomalous lower tropospheric easterlies (westerlies) together with upper-tropospheric westerlies (easterlies) are thus induced over the BOB, favoring an abnormally late (early) BOBSM onset. During the cold PDO epochs, however, the superimpositions of PDO-related SSTAs with El Ni?o-related (La Ni?a-related) SSTAs lead to insignificant SSTAs over the TWP and a weak zonal SSTA gradient, without distinct circulation anomalies over the BOB favoring early or late BOBSM onsets.     

MOISTURE TRANSPORT PATHS AND SOURCES OF SOUTH CHINA ANNUALLY FIRST RAINY SEASON AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH THE ONSET OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA SUMMER MONSOON

This study simulated the moisture transport process of southern China annually first rainy season (SCAFRS) using a Lagrangian airflow trajectory model (Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory: HYSPLIT), to determine SCAFRS moisture transport characteristics and their relationship with South China Sea summer monsoon (SCSSM). It is found that the moisture transport paths and sources of SCAFRS are closely related to the onset of SCSSM. Divided by SCSSM onset dates, the moisture transport characteristics of SCAFRS are compared quantitatively. Before the onset of SCSSM, precipitation of SCAFRS mainly comes from western Pacific and eastern China. Their contributions are 24% and 25%, respectively. The amount of water vapor carried along the path coming from Bay of Bengal-South China Sea (BSC) is relatively high, but the contribution rate of this path to SCAFRS precipitation is relatively low. Mainly due to strong precipitation over Bay of Bengal before the onset of SCSSM, this region is a moisture sink, which makes most moisture deposit in this region and only a small portion of water vapor transported to southern China. After the onset of SCSSM, most water vapor is transported to southern China by the southwesterly paths. The Indian Ocean is the main moisture source, which contributes almost 25% to SCAFRS precipitation. The contributions of moisture originating from BSC and eastern China to southern China precipitation after the onset of SCSSM are 21% and 18%, respectively.     

春季青藏高原表面感热加热的年际变化特征及其对印度夏季风爆发时间的影响

本文基于日本气象厅(JMA)的JRA-25再分析资料,分析了春季青藏高原表面感热加热年际变化的时空特征,及其对印度夏季风爆发过程的影响。EOF分析结果表明,春季高原感热加热的年际变化在高原中西部最为明显,这主要与局地地-气温差的年际变率有关。统计分析表明,当春季高原中西部表面感热偏强(弱)时,印度夏季风爆发偏早(晚),且高原中西部表面感热与ENSO事件无显著相关。春季高原中西部感热能够通过改变印度季风区对流层高层和低层的经向热力结构来影响印度夏季风的爆发时间。当春季高原中西部感热偏强时,造成的上升气流在高原以西的印度季风区北部下沉,通过绝热增暖引起局地对流层中上部的异常暖中心,令印度季风区对流层中上部平均温度经向梯度由冬至夏的季节性反转提早。同时,印度季风区北部的下沉运动能够抑制当地降水,令陆面温度升高,并通过非绝热过程造成对流层低层的异常暖中心,进一步增强了印度季风区的海陆热力对比。在印度季风区以北地区对流层高、低层异常增暖的共同作用下,印度夏季风提前爆发。