地理信息服务的思考与探索

GIS正在从传统意义上的地理信息系统向地理信息服务发生偏转,地理信息服务已成为信息服务业中的一个重要组成部分。文中归纳总结了地理信息服务概念、技术体系、服务模式以及我国地理信息服务发展的差距、对策与建议。     

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针对     

基于Java Applet的网络地图服务平台设计与实施

网络地图平台设计是数字地图应用的一个重要发展方向。作者着重论述了采用Java Applet建立网络地图服务平台的实现思路、基本框架、数据组织及系统实施的关键技术,在此基础上介绍了地图发布软件的基本功能设计、结合COM组件技术实现公交换乘功能设计、界面设计等,最后给出具体实例。     

河北沧州市臭氧质量浓度与气象因子的关系分析

利用2014—2020年河北沧州逐小时气象与环境监测数据,对沧州市臭氧(O₃)污染加剧现状及其与气象因子的关系进行分析。结果表明：(1)沧州地区O₃污染呈加剧态势,且O₃已上升为该地区首要污染物;O₃污染集中出现在5—9月,O₃质量浓度日变化呈单峰单谷型,最大浓度出现在16:00前后;(2)5—9月O₃日最大8 h平均质量浓度(简称“O₃-8 h”)所处时段,平均气温、最高气温、相对湿度、总辐射辐照度与O₃质量浓度的相关性较好,本站气压、水汽压和平均风速与O₃质量浓度的相关性未通过显著性检验;(3)5—9月O₃-8 h时段,当同时满足8 h平均气温高于30.9℃、最高气温高于32.7℃、平均相对湿度低于42.1%、平均总辐射辐照度高于505.8 W·m^-2时,出现O₃污染的概率达84%;(4)气象因子不是O₃     

基于DBnet和众筹策略的气象纸质表格快速数字化方法及系统

气象纸质表格历史资料有很高的科学研究价值和很重要的历史保留意义。数字档案通过数字化的方式将纸质原始资料进行收集、保存和提供各类数字信息资源。本文提出了一种“纸质表格扫描成像”+“图像碎片化处理”+“众筹识别”的快速数字化方法及系统,利用气象大数据资源,应用DBnet模型、DSCC算法等技术对纸质气象表格扫描图像进行图像碎片处理;通过用户的登录行为实现“众筹录入”,完成气象纸质表格资料的数字化档案工作。经验证,快速数字化系统的一录正确率约为99.7%,高于传统数字化人工键入的一录正确率（95.6%）;录入时效比传统数字化提高了22.2%。该系统保证了数据正确性、提高了工作效率,实现了气象纸质表格资料快速形成数字档案的目标,也为数字档案工作提供了新的思路;在新冠疫情导致传统数字化人工聚集工作模式面临较大风险的背景下,具有一定的现实意义。     

四川盆地东部再生稻高温伏旱区腋芽萌发期气象适宜度

以四川盆地东部再生稻高温伏旱区为研究区,基于气象条件对腋芽萌发期再生稻生长发育的影响机理,采用结构方程模型探明了腋芽萌发的影响因素、影响路径及影响强度。进一步结合隶属函数和层次分析法,构建了再生稻腋芽萌发气象适宜度模型,并分析了1981—2021年研究区腋芽萌发期气象影响因素及气象适宜度的变化特征。结果表明：气温、空气湿度、降水是四川盆地东部再生稻高温伏旱区腋芽萌发的关键影响因素,基于以上因素的气象适宜度模型能较好地评价再生稻腋芽萌发期的气象影响。1981—2021年研究区气温适宜度、空气湿度适宜度及综合气象适宜度均呈下降趋势,降水适宜度没有表现出明显的变化趋势。气温适宜度、空气湿度适宜度及综合气象适宜度总体呈“西高东低”的空间分布特征,降水适宜度则表现为“东西高、中部低”。1981—2021年研究区气温上升趋势与空气湿度下降趋势显著,导致致害高温（日平均气温≥32℃）积温和致害低湿（日平均相对湿度≤65％）日数明显增加,这是再生稻腋芽萌发期气象适宜度总体呈下降趋势的诱因。     

2023年全球重大天气气候事件

2023年,全球平均气温比工业化前高出约1.45℃(±0.12℃),是有观测记录以来最热的一年。全球海平面继续上升,且全球平均海平面达到了有卫星记录(1993年至今)以来的最高水平,反映了持续的海洋变暖以及冰川和冰盖的融化。北极海冰面积仍远低于常年值,南极海冰面积创下历史新低。巴基斯坦、中国京津冀地区、意大利、巴西圣保罗州北部沿海地区、新西兰北岛等地遭受暴雨洪涝灾害,非洲西北部、中国云南、中美洲和南美洲北部发生严重干旱,南欧、北美、南美、东亚和南亚等地遭遇创纪录高温热浪,欧洲和北美等地遭遇寒流和暴风雪侵袭,强对流天气频繁袭击世界各处,全球热带气旋活动频繁。     

Modelling and observation of hedgerow transpiration effect on water balance components at the hillslope scale in Brittany

Vegetation has a major influence on the water and energy balance of the earth's surface. In the last century, human activities have modified land use, inducing a consequent change in albedo and potential evapotranspiration. Linear vegetation structures (hedgerows, shelterbelts, open woodland, etc) were particularly abundant but have declined considerably over the past several decades. In this context, it is important to quantify their effect on water and energy balance both on a global scale (climate change and weather prediction) and on a local scale (soil column, hillslope and watershed). The main objective of this study was to quantify the effect of hedgerows on the water cycle by evaluating spatial and temporal variations of water balance components of a hillslope crossed by a hedgerow. Water flow simulation was performed using Hydrus‐2D to emphasize the importance of transpiration in the water balance and to evaluate water extraction from groundwater. Model validation was performed by comparing simulated and observed soil matrix potentials and groundwater levels. Hedgerow transpiration was calculated from sap flow measurements of four trees. Water balance components calculated with a one‐dimensional water balance equation were compared with simulations. Simulation runs with and without tree root uptake underlined the effect of hedgerow transpiration, increasing capillary rise and decreasing drainage. Results demonstrated that the spatial and temporal variability of water balance components was related to the hedgerow presence as well as to the meteorological context. The relations between transpiration, groundwater proximity and soil‐water availability determined the way in which water balance components were affected. Increased capillary rise and decreased drainage near hedges were related to the high transpiration of trees identified in this study. Transpiration reached twice the potential evapotranspiration when groundwater level and precipitation amounts were high. Water balance analysis showed that transpiration was a substantial component, representing 40% of total water output. These results may offer support for improving hydrological models by including the effect of land use and land cover on hydrological processes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西南三省山地剖面气象资料管理服务系统

利用云、贵、川三省主要山系哀牢山、大娄山、大巴山的２５个山地剖面气候站点，自１９８７－２１－１９９０．２－２８，１９个气象要素的逐日观测资料，首次建立了西南三省山地剖面气象资料管理服务系统。系统具有资料管理、气候统计分析、资料比较等功能，适于科研、气候资料业务管理应用．     

The Location of Office Space in the Metropolitan Service Economy of the United States, 1985–1990

As the economic base of most American metropolitan areas relies increasingly on services, office industries have shifted to a more pivotal role in the new metropolitan service economy. Using primary office-space usage data of the time period 1985–1990, the changing spatial patterns of this new metropolitan service economy are investigated. It is found that the primary office activities are predominantly concentrated in a relatively small number of the largest metropolitan areas. However, an emerging spatial dispersion in primary office activities is also exhibited. Such dispersion is extremely strong at the upper end of the urban hierarchy. The Sunbelt-Snowbelt dichotomy fails to reveal any differences in the growth pattern of the new metropolitan service economy. A more diversified growth pattern of primary office activities is observed. Concentrated dispersion is the major spatial characteristic of this new metropolitan service economy.