一株抗植物致病真菌的深海霉菌的鉴定和活性成分理化性质分析

从印度洋深海底泥中分离到一株真菌S2915,经ITS基因序列分析及显微形态观察,鉴定S2915为支顶孢属Acremonium sp.真菌.其发酵液对5株植物致病真菌有明显的抑制作用.经硫酸铵沉淀后的抗菌活性分析,可以初步判断该抗菌活性成分为蛋白类物质,且最佳硫酸铵饱和浓度为70％(m/m).初步分析了该抗菌粗蛋白的理化性质,结果表明,该活性物质具有很好的耐热性,经60、80、100℃甚至121℃处理后,活性均无明显差异;耐强酸强碱,在pH值为2～12范围内活性不受影响;紫外照射0～12h及用蛋白酶K、胰蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶处理后,活性均没有减弱;但对多种有机溶剂比较敏感,经三氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、乙醚和丙酮处理后,抗菌活性受到不同程度的抑制,其抑制率分别为35％、25.7％、22.9％、12.9％.证明该抗菌活性物质高效、稳定,可用于抗真菌农药的开发应用.     

塔里木河下游丛枝菌根植物的侵染

通过对塔里木河下游自然和人工植物群落中的15种主要建群种植物根系菌根的定殖状况的调查及对菌根侵染部位、菌根中的泡囊、丛枝和菌丝的观察,其结果显示:其中11种植物可被AM真菌侵染,占所调查植物种总数的73.33%,野生乡土植物表现出较高的菌根侵染率和侵染强度,其中有84.62%的植物为菌根植物,且乔木、多年生草本和灌木类植物全部为菌根植物,一年生草本植物未见AM真菌侵染;人工引入种蓼科的泡果沙拐枣(Calligonum junceum)和藜科的梭梭柴(Haloxylon ammodendron)均未见有AM真菌侵染。丛枝菌根真菌侵染率、侵染强度与植物所属的科属关系较密切,也与真菌群落所处时空环境及土壤深度有关。     

踩踏干扰下生物结皮土壤可培养微生物数量

生物结皮显著影响土壤微生物数量和群落组成。干扰是自然界常见现象,可引起生物结皮盖度及组分发生改变,进而导致生物结皮土壤微生物群落结构的变化。以发育8年的生物结皮为研究对象,采用平板培养法,研究了干扰下生物结皮层和其下0~2 cm土壤微生物数量的动态变化。结果表明：（1）干扰第2天不同菌种均有响应。生物结皮层土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量波动范围分别为91.2×10⁵~303.5×10⁵ cfu·g^-1,0~487.2×10³ cfu·g^-1和23.0×10⁵~376.1×10⁵ cfu·g^-1;下层0~2 cm波动范围分别为65.6×10⁵~792.3×10⁵ cfu·g^-1,8.0×10³~506.3×10³ cfu·g^-1和17.3×10⁵~801.3×10⁵ cfu·g^-1。（2）生物结皮层和下层0~2 cm土壤细菌数量分别在干扰后第10天和第7天恢复稳定,真菌数量在第16天和第8天趋于平稳,放线菌数量在第8天和第4天恢复稳定。生物结皮层较0~2 cm土壤微生物数量恢复稳定滞后。（3）重新稳定后生物结皮层和下层0~2 cm细菌数量较干扰前分别下降了81.8%和79.6%.生物结皮层真菌数量显著增加,是干扰前的7.43倍;下层0~2 cm真菌数量下降了70.1%。生物结皮层和下层0~2 cm放线菌数量较干扰前分别降低46.5%和72.6%。（4）干扰显著改变土壤微生物群落结构,受影响程度细菌 > 放线菌 > 真菌变为放线菌 > 细菌 > 真菌。干扰可显著影响土壤微生物数量,但是随着时间延长微生物数量又会达到一个新的稳态,在研究微生物对干扰响应时,采样时间是研究结果的一个重要影响因素。     

An investigation on tolerance and accumulation of a facultative marine fungus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aspergillus flavus</Emphasis> to pentavalent arsenic

Tolerance of a facultative marine fungus Aspergillus flavus towards As (V) was tested. Luxuriant growth of the test isolate was observed in culture media with As (V) concentrations of 25 mg L⁻¹ and 50 mg L⁻¹, indicating its tolerance to the metal. Accumulation rate of arsenic was always higher when exposed to As (V) at 50 mg L⁻¹ than at 25 mg L⁻¹. The study reveals Aspergillus flavus as a promising candidate for environmental bioremediation. Arsenic contents (mg g⁻¹) in the fungus when exposed to 50 mg L⁻¹ As (V) were measured as 11.1773, 4.0983, and 8.0000 mg g⁻¹ on day 3, 6 and 9, respectively. The highest content was observed initially, i.e. on day 3, followed by a decline and a rise again. These results provide baseline information for further explorations regarding the exploitation of the fungus for arsenic removal.     

Freshwater lichens and habitat zonation of mountain streams

Freshwater lichens of selected Carpathian streams were investigated to identify their diversity and distribution patterns. Lichens were investigated along six transects, each running across three different habitats (hydrological zones: submerged, splash and riparian), established in upper, middle and lower reaches of the streams and the data were a subject to statistical analyses. The studied mountain streams provided suitable habitats for a number of aquatic and semi-aquatic lichens and species richness in both streams was very similar. Overall, 52 species of lichens were identified from all sampling plots (γ diversity). Species number for a single plot (α diversity) ranged from 1 to 14 species and differences in species composition between the plots (β diversity) were high. Differences were mainly noted for typical terrestrial lichens occurring in riparian zones. The location along the stream reaches did not have a significant effect on species diversity and distribution. The hydrological zone appeared to be the most important predictor explaining the small-scale occurrence and diversity of lichens with species assembled into distinct, low-diversity communities in the transition from submerged to riparian habitats. The distinction among hydrological zones and their lichen biota were corroborated by nMDS analyses. The method of defined plots provides a way of recording baseline data for a particular river, which can be repeated (monitor) in the future.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improve reestablishment of Leymus chinensis in bare saline-alkaline soil: Implication on vegetation restoration of extremely degraded land

Salinization and alkalinization are increasing problems in the world. Some land has been degraded to bare saline-alkaline soil where vegetation restoration is difficult because high toxic ionic content and pH are harmful to the survival of introduced plants. We grew Leymus chinensis with and without arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae and G. geosporum) in either pots filled with soil from bare saline-alkaline land, or transplanted seedlings into field plots, to determine the influence of AM fungi on the reestablishment of this dominant grass species in bare degraded land. Association with AM fungi increased the absorption of N, P, K⁺, Ca²⁺, but decreased Mg²⁺, Na⁺ and Cl⁻ uptake under saline-alkaline stress. Therefore, higher K/Na, Ca/Na, P/Na, and P/Cl ratios were found in the inoculated plants. Plants inoculated with AM fungi accumulated significantly higher biomass, root/shoot ratio and tiller number than non-inoculated plants. AM fungi also significantly increased the survival of seedlings when they were transplanted into a bare saline-alkaline land in the field. The improvement of survival, growth and asexual reproduction of inoculated plants indicated that the plant-AM fungi mutualism could improve the reestablishment of vegetation in bare saline-alkaline soil, drive the vegetation restoration to a community dominated by original species.     

Marine-derived filamentous fungi and their potential application for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bioremediation

Eight marine-derived fungi that were previously selected for their abilities to decolorize RBBR dye were subjected to pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene degradation. The fungus Aspergillus sclerotiorum CBMAI 849 showed the best performance with regard to pyrene (99.7%) and benzo[a]pyrene (76.6%) depletion after 8 and 16 days, respectively. Substantial amounts of benzo[a]pyrene (>50.0%) depletion were also achieved by Mucor racemosus CBMAI 847. Therefore, these two fungal strains were subjected to metabolism evaluation using the HPLC-DAD-MS technique. The results showed that A. sclerotiorum CBMAI 849 and M. racemosus CBMAI 847 were able to metabolize pyrene to the corresponding pyrenylsulfate and were able to metabolize benzo[a]pyrene to benzo[a]pyrenylsulfate, suggesting that the mechanism of hydroxylation is mediated by a cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase, followed by conjugation with sulfate ions. Because these fungi were adapted to the marine environment, the strains that were used in the present study are considered to be attractive targets for the bioremediation of saline environments, such as ocean and marine sediments that are contaminated by PAHs.     

南麂岛海洋沉积物抑菌真菌的筛选及其代谢产物特性的初步研究

以7种水产病原菌为指示菌,采用菌饼法对分离自南麂岛海域的15个沉积物样品中的78株海洋真菌进行抑菌活性初筛,获得了对至少一种病原指示菌有抑菌活性的菌株19株.采用打孔扩散法对这19株真菌的发酵液进行抑菌活性复筛,共有9个菌株的次级代谢产物对一种或者几种病原指示菌有抑制作用,其中菌株NJ0104的次级代谢产物对除灿烂弧菌...     

老鼠簕植物内生真菌Aspergillus terreus (W-8)抗肿瘤活性成分的研究

对红树林植物的枝干、枝叶样品进行微生物分离,以P388细胞为模型进行活性评价得到14株具有抗肿瘤活性的真菌。采用溶剂萃取、柱色谱及半制备HPLC等分离手段对来源于红树林植物老鼠簕Acanthus ilicifolius Linn.的菌株Aspergillus terreus(W-8)发酵产物进行了活性追踪分离,共得到5个化合物。通过理化性质及波谱技术,结合文献,鉴定其结构分别为aspulvinone H1(1)、aspulvinone H(2)b、utyrolactone I(3)t、errein(4)和3-propylbenzene-1,2-diol(5),其中化合物1的核磁数据为首次报道。采用MTT法初步评价了单体化合物的抗肿瘤活性,结果表明化合物4、5对A549、K562和Hela细胞均具有中等强度的细胞毒活性。     

Hydroxy acids in Antarctic lake sediments and their geochemical significance

Hydroxy acids in sediments of Lakes Bonney, Fryxell, Joyce and Vanda, and unnamed ponds (B2, NF1, NF2 and L4) as well as in cyanobacterial mats from the McMurdo Sound region of southern Victoria Land in Antarctica have been studied to clarify their features and elucidate their source organisms. Normal and branched (iso and anteiso) 2-hydroxy acids were found in all the samples studied with the predominance of even- and odd-carbon numbers, respectively. The most dominant 2-hydroxy acids in the sediments were mainly short-chain components (<C₂₀). Normal and branched 3-hydroxy acids were detectewith the predominance of even- and odd-carbon numbers, respectively, in total concentrations between 0.48 and 53 μg/g of dry sediment. (ω-1)-Hydroxy acids were all long-chains (C₂₂, C₂₄, C₂₆, C₂₈ and C₃₀). 9,10-Dihydroxyhexadecanoic and/or 9,10-dihydroxyoctadecanoic acids were identified in all the sediments and a cyanobacterial mat. The composition of hydroxy acids differ considerably among the lakes and ponds, suggesting the difference of source organisms. These 2-, 3- and (ω-1)-hydroxy, and 9,10-dihydroxy acids may be derived from cyanobacteria and microalgae, in addition to non-photosynthetic microorganisms. Cyanobacteria and microalgae which are widely distributed in the world, may be important sources of hydroxy acids in the natural environments.