多裂骆驼蓬乙醇提取物的杀菌抑菌试验研究

荒漠植物多裂骆驼蓬（Peganum multisectum (Maxim) Bobr）系蒺藜科的一种多年生草本植物,其种子的乙醇提取物对供试的4种常见细菌和9种植物病菌有较好的杀菌、抑菌活性。研究表明,随着提取液浓度的降低,杀菌、抑菌活性逐渐降低,但延长处理时间,其杀菌、抑菌活性升高,其中对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)和普通变形杆菌 (Proteus vulgaris)的杀菌活性最强,杀菌活性可达90%以上。当用1∶10的种子提取液进行真菌孢子萌发抑制试验时,发现对病原真菌的作用中以对苹果白粉菌和黄瓜白粉菌抑菌活性最显著,其孢子的校正抑制率分别达79.52%和77.71%。实验结果表明,荒漠植物多裂骆驼蓬是潜力很大、有待开发的生物农药药用植物资源。     

海洋丝状真菌降解原油研究Ⅱ.砂砾中油污去除室内模拟试验

１引言现有的大量实验研究结果表明［１－４］,从海洋环境中分离出的降解石油烃细菌和酵母不仅对不同油种降解差异较大、降解率较低,而且它们大都在小油滴中生长,那里的营养盐和氧含量往往限制其生长繁殖和降解石油烃能力,所以,要应用海洋细菌和酵母清除海上油污,就...     

南极生境真菌Gliocladium catenulatum T31菌株杀虫活性的研究

本文对影响南极生境真菌Gliocladium catenulatum T31生长和杀虫活性的初始pH值、发酵时间、培养温度等影响因子进行了研究。并以小菜蛾为试虫,以校正死亡率为评价指标,利用微型平板法对真菌T31的杀虫活性进行测试,发酵液杀虫活性最高为60.42%。发酵物乙酸乙酯提取后,丙酮溶解0.33mg/mL浓度下,发酵液提取物杀虫活性最高为82.05%,菌体提取物杀虫活性为76.92%。盆栽试验证明该菌株发酵液对小菜蛾第7d的虫口减退率为54.2%。     

天山乌源1号冰川表面冰尘及底部沉积层真菌群落结构比较及其系统发育分析

对天山乌源1号冰川表面冰尘(Fz)及底部沉积层(Dz)的理化性质及真菌的多样性、群落结构、OTU的系统发育进行了比较分析。ITS克隆文库分析显示,依据99%相似性共得到26个真菌OTU,表面冰尘和底部沉积层分别为21和22个,其中17个为共有OTU。天山1号冰川中真菌以担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、子囊菌门(Ascomycota)占绝对优势,子囊菌门的真菌在Fz、Dz文库中的比例分别约为27%、57%。系统发育分析显示子囊菌门的真菌有14个OUT,8个属,其中Cladosporium仅分布在冰川表面(6.25%),而Aureobasidium仅出现冰川底部沉积层(8.93%)。另外6个属Tetracladium、Pseudeurotium、Fusarium、Penicillium、Simplicillium、Aspergillus在冰川底部和表面均有分布,但丰度明显不同,尤其是Aspergillus、Simplicillium在冰川底部沉积物中占优势(分别为17.86%、12.50%)。担子菌门的克隆主要来自Rhodotorula、Leucosporidium属,前者主要在分布冰川表面(12%),底部沉积层很少,后者在冰川表面及底部均有分布,分别占文库的比例为8.69%、12.50%。冰川表面和底部沉积层生态条件迥异,对其中的微生物系统发育类群具有明显的选择性。     

药用植物内生真菌--天然活性产物新资源

近年研究表明,药用植物内生真菌能够产生许多结构新颖的活性次级代谢产物,已成为发现新天然活性物质的重要源泉。结合作者的工作,文中对这一领域的研究进展进行综述。     

藏北草原主要植物AM真菌的初步研究

通过调查藏北草原AM真菌种质资源及菌根侵染率,对藏北特定生态环境条件下,各种类型草原主要植物AM真菌的多样性及其与不同生态环境因子之间的相互关系进行了分析。从藏北草原主要植物根围土壤中共分离出4属AM真菌。总体上,孢子密度、分离频度、相对多度和重要值显著的Glomus>Acaulospora>Paraglomus>Scutellospora趋势。其中Glomus、Acaulospora均为优势属,Glomus的优势属地位极为突出;寄主植物、海拔、土壤条件对于AM真菌的种类组成,孢子密度及分离频度均有显著影响。     

不同种类微生物及其碳酸酐酶对CO_2-H_2O-碳酸盐系统中碳酸盐岩的溶蚀作用

以从西南岩溶地区土壤中筛选出来的产碳酸酐酶(CA)的典型细菌、真菌和放线菌为材料,研究比较了不同种类微生物及其CA对CO2-H2O-碳酸盐系统中碳酸盐岩的溶蚀作用。结果表明,实验所用的3种典型微生物均对石灰岩和白云岩有明显溶蚀作用,真菌的溶蚀效果最显著,而且微生物CA对石灰岩具有明显的酶促溶蚀效果。微生物对石灰岩的溶蚀能力强于白云岩,加入石灰岩的真菌试验组中Ca2+浓度比加入白云岩的真菌试验组高8.0%,而且,真菌CA对白云岩的溶蚀能力明显强于石灰岩。上述结果为研究微生物及其CA在岩溶碳汇中的作用提供了科学依据。     

Impacts of riparian afforestation on stream biofilms: An exotic forest‐native grassland comparison

The nature of benthic biofilm was assessed in four streams in New Zealand, two flowing through native tussock grassland and two through exotic Pinus radiata forest. Components of the biofilm were described using epi‐fluorescent staining (DAPI) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of rock and wood substrata. DAPI and SEM analyses showed significantly more bacteria and fungi on rock and wood in tussock as opposed to pine streams. This emphasises the importance of the heterotrophic community even in systems which have abundant light available for primary production. The lack of a significant heterotrophic biofilm in pine streams was unexpected, and we speculate that chemical characteristics of the water may be responsible.     

Benefits of mycorrhizal inoculation in reintroduction of endangered plant species under drought conditions

Numerous human activities constitute threats to biodiversity. The effects of climate change, including increasing drought in already arid lands, pose an additional layer of uncertainty in the fate of rare species. In the case of plants, reintroduction is becoming an important active management practice in species conservation. We hypothesized that even under extreme drought inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi would increase growth rates of an endangered plant in experimental reintroduction. We selected a plant species, Abronia macrocarpa, and conducted the experiment in Texas while the area was experiencing mild and extreme drought intensities. Treatment plots were planted with seed inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and control plots were planted with seed coated with autoclaved inoculant. We analyzed measurements of growth and development of germinated plants. Mean number of leaves was greater in treatment plants (P = 0.005) and mean aerial diameter was larger in treatment plants (P = 0.02) than in control plants. Significantly improved growth suggests that inoculation is a viable technique to increase reintroduction success in plant species especially during periods of drought.