Early Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera from the Tethys: the large, many-chambered representatives of the genus Globigerinelloides

This paper deals with the taxonomic revision of the Early Cretaceous large, many-chambered planispiral planktonic foraminifera, historically assigned to the genus Globigerinelloides or alternatively assigned in the 1990s to the genera Globigerinelloides Cushman and ten Dam, Biglobigerinella Lalicker, Blowiella Krechmar and Gorbachik and Alanlordella BouDagher-Fadel. In a previous paper we demonstrated that the morphological and microstructural features used in the literature for distinguishing Blowiella from Globigerinelloides have value only at species level, and the former genus was thus invalidated (being the junior synonym). Moreover, the Late Aptian specimens assigned to Biglobigerinella by some authors, based on the presence of twin last chamber(s), are also included in Globigerinelloides because individuals sharing the same features (number of chambers, growth rate, size of umbilicus, and a finely perforate wall) may or may not possess twin last chamber(s). Meanwhile, Moullade et al. questioned the taxonomic value of Alanlordella, erected by BouDagher-Fadel to accommodate planispiral taxa possessing a macroperforate wall. All the species analysed here possess a finely perforate wall and consequently cannot be assigned to this taxon.The large species of Globigerinelloides retained here, with six or more chambers in the outer whorl, are G. algerianus Cushman and ten Dam, G. aptiensis Longoria, G. barri (Bolli, Loeblich and Tappan) and G. ferreolensis (Moullade).In the sections studied, Globigerinelloides aptiensis was first found close to the Barremian/Aptian boundary, even though this species was recorded in Spain (Rio Argos) in the mid Upper Barremian; very rare, small, seven-chambered individuals here assigned to Globigerinelloides ferreolensis are recorded in the Lower Aptian (just below and within the Selli Level, OAE1a), while a few specimens belonging to Globigerinelloides barri occur in the Globigerinelloides ferreolensis Zone (Upper Aptian). Globigerinelloides aptiensis and G. ferreolensis range up to the Ticinella bejaouaensis Zone while Globigerinelloides barri disappears at the top of the Globigerinelloides algerianus Zone; finally, Globigerinelloides algerianus obviously spans the eponymous total range zone.From an evolutionary point of view, two lineages within the many-chambered Globigerinelloides have been recognized. In the first, already known in the literature, Globigerinelloides aptiensis gave rise to G. ferreolensis, which evolved into G. algerianus; the latter in turn gave rise to Pseudoplanomalina cheniourensis as the final evolutionary member. In the second lineage Globigerinelloides barri originated from G. blowi.     

内蒙古科尔康油田沙海组储集层的岩石学特征

根据碎屑岩铸体薄片和扫描电镜观察分析资料，研究了科尔康油田沙海组储集层的岩石学特征。科尔康油田沙海组储集层的岩石类型主要为岩屑砂岩和岩屑砂砾岩。碎屑岩的岩性特征对沙海组储集层的成岩作用具有显著的影响作用。     

秦家屯油田储层的敏感性评价

储层的敏感性评价是研究储层损害机理、保护储层或减小储层损害的依据,是搞好油田注水开发的基础。采用岩心流动实验装置,开展了储层敏感性的室内实验。结果表明秦家屯油田储集层对流体速度表现为弱敏感性,对盐敏表现为中等偏弱盐敏性,对酸表现为无敏感性,随着注水速度的增加,岩心的渗透率也随之增大,并未出现“桥堵”和“卡堵”现象,说明储层中不稳定的固相颗粒含量低,不能堵塞地层,油层增产可采用提高注入速度、酸化等措施,油层水敏为中等偏弱到中等偏强,注水前要注入稳定剂。碱敏表现为弱碱敏或中等碱敏,对该区三次采油作业中,尤其是碱水驱油要特别注意。     

杭州湾大桥岩土工程勘察

文章对杭州湾大桥的勘察工作进行了全面的回顾，并对杭州湾地区地质结构作概略的介绍。     

海上油气化探技术及应用

海域油气化探测量指标一般为海底沉积物中的烃类及其蚀变产物和海水介质中的烃类,以烃类浓度及其蚀变产物为主要测量对象的油气化探是评价海上油气远景为数不多的重要方法之一。目前底层水采样分析与海底沉积物取芯分析已成为海上油气化探一种有效且相对经济的技术组合,海底沉积物取芯测量和海水嗅探器现场分析是海上油气化探的主要手段。国内外众多海域油气化探研究结果证实,海域油气化探在含油气远景区块识别和含油气远景构造油气属性判识方面可以提供重要的地球化学信息。     

南泥湾油田工业油流标准参数确定及算法

针对南泥湾油田特点。确定适合本区地质及油藏工程特点的工业油流标准，提高该类油田储量的计算精度。应用数值模拟、类比等方法。结果显示．南泥湾这类必须经过压裂改造的特低渗油藏．单井产量仍然按照双曲线递减规律；工业油流标准的确定，需要准确把握单井平均总投资、原油利润、收回单井总投资的单井产量等参数，在此基础上确定的工业油流标准更能满足生产需要，对储量计算、滚动开发建产、管理者决策具有十分重要的意义。     

女34断块水平井提高采收率开发实践

舍女寺油田女34断块是大港油区典型的低渗透块状砂岩断块油藏，由于储层严重的非均质性，注水开发见效快、水淹快，并且形成油藏次生底水，作为水平井技术改善低渗透油藏开发效果的先导试验区块，经过深入地质研究和可行性论证，又相继完钻2口水平井，同时进行注采井网调整，编制了水平井和直井采油、直井注水的混合外网调整方案，方案实施后，断块采油速度由0．6％提高到2．6％，采收率提高8个百分点，开发效果显改善，实践证明水半井技术是改善低渗透非均质断块油藏开发效果的有效手段之一。     

应用MapGIS构建上海及邻近海域地震与新构造活动关系数据库

基于MapGIS构建上海及邻近海域地震和新构造活动数据库。该数据库由空间和属性两大数据库组成。其中，空间数据库包括地理底图库及地震、活动断裂、新生代盆地、岩浆岩分布多个专题图库；属性数据库主要针对专题图库而建立，有地震属性库、活动断裂属性库及新生代盆地属性库。通过图形数据结构和属性数据结构共有的标识码实现图形数据库和属性数据库之间的连接。为方便查询检索，对重要的属性数据如断裂走向、地震震级等以编码方式表示。该数据库的建立为定量研究和评价本区地震与新构造活动的关系，以及防震减灾提供了重要的科学依据。     

青西油田碳酸盐岩裂缝性储层地球物理预测技术的应用

白云岩成岩收缩晶间孔、洞、缝与构造网状缝相互沟通可以组成良好的油气储层，但是这种复杂裂缝—孔隙型储层分布随机性强、发育程度和差异性大，储层预测难度大。本文以中国西部酒泉盆地青西油田下白垩统下沟组湖相白云岩裂缝—孔隙型储层为例，提出地球物理综合预测碳酸盐岩裂缝的方法。本文描述了综合地球物理方法预测碳酸盐岩裂缝储层的实施和应用效果。     

Constitutive modelling of fine-grained gassy soil: A composite approach

Fine-grained marine sediments containing large undissolved gas bubbles are widely distributed around the world. Presence of the bubbles could degrade the undrained shear strength (s_u ) of the soil, when the gas pressure u_g is relatively high as compared with the effective stress in the saturated soil matrix. Meanwhile, the addition of bubbles may also increase s_u when the difference between u_g and pore water pressure u_w becomes smaller than the water entry value, causing partial water drainage from the saturated matrix into the bubbles (bubble flooding) during globally undrained shearing. A new constitutive model for describing the two competing effects on the stress-strain relationship of fine-grained gassy soil is proposed within the framework of critical state soil mechanics. The gassy soil is considered as a three-phase composite material with compressible cavities, which allows water entry from the saturated matrix. Bubble flooding is modelled by introducing an additional positive volumetric strain increment of the saturated clay matrix, which is dependent on the difference between pore gas and pore water pressure based on experimental observations. A modified hardening law based on that of the modified Cam clay model is employed, which in conjunction with the expression for bubble flooding, can describe both the detrimental and beneficial effects of gas bubbles on soil strength and plastic hardening in shear. Only two extra parameters in addition to those in the modified Cam clay model are used. It is shown that the key features of the stress-strain relationship of three fine-grained gassy soils can be reproduced satisfactorily.