叶城波龙7.20泥石流应急调查及灾害链实时观察

针对叶城柯克亚乡波龙7.20突发泥石流灾害,现场开展了应急科学调查。对沟下游泥石流堆积区进行量测,对上游突发小型滑坡-堰塞湖-泄流全过程开展实时观察。结果发现:泥石流固体物质主要是晚更新世风积土滑坡和中元古变质岩及碳酸盐岩崩塌,水体来源主要是强降雨导致的上游洪水及堰塞湖溃决;沟谷上游以稀性泥石流为主,下游加入了崩塌块体及河道砂砾石,粘度有所增大;堆积区呈块石散落和淤积状态。据现场多个老堰塞坝推测,波龙沟泥石流发生周期约15~20年。现有停车场位于沟口堆积区,需加大极端洪水及泥石流排泄空间,拓宽排导沟槽净空。     

改进加权马尔科夫链模型在喀什地区承压含水层参数动态识别中的应用研究

承压含水层的估算对于地下水开发利用的合理规划十分重要。而承压含水层参数识别对于含水层水量参数估算至关重要。结合改进加权马尔科夫链模型,以喀什为研究实例,对该地区承压含水层参数进行动态识别,从置信区间分析结果可看出,喀什地区承压含水层参数的变幅为7.93 m^2/min,而承压含水层参数μ的变幅为0.048,从不同置信度下的变幅结果可看出,相比于传统模型,改进加权马尔科夫链模型提高了参数识别收敛效率和计算精度。计算结果的可靠性程度较高。研究成果对于喀什地区含水层水量估算具有重要的参考价值。     

线性MX络合物链的连续模型

从Ｂａｅｒｉｓｗｙｌ－Ｂｉｓｈｏｐ模型出发，导出了严格的ＭＸ络合物链的连续哈密顿量，得到一组电子波函数满足的方程。进一步严格地求出这组方程的解析解。在零级近似下，该解回到ＢＢ的简单扭折孤子解。文中采用的方法可推广到其他类似的系统     

Western dome of the Arga-Ynnykh-Khaya granitic intrusion and its white granites

Adamellites, granite porphyries, and white granites of the western dome of the Arga-Ynnykh-Khaya Massif (Yakutiya) have been studied with emphasis on the white granites. The main features of its magmatic crystallization and initial transformation have been obtained by investigating the intensity of transformations using stochastic Markov models. The most widespread transformation is albitization. Two varieties exist. First, and most common, is development of a secondary albite crystal between two primary grains of potassium feldspar. Second, secondary albite has developed between primary quartz grains. Both variants have definite probabilities of occurrence. Less commonly, but with a constant probability, a secondary quartz grain forms as an intergrowth between two grains of potassium feldspar.     

Seabirds at risk around offshore oil platforms in the north-west Atlantic

Seabirds aggregate around oil drilling platforms and rigs in above average numbers due to night lighting, flaring, food and other visual cues. Bird mortality has been documented due to impact on the structure, oiling and incineration by the flare. The environmental circumstances for offshore hydrocarbon development in North-west Atlantic are unique because of the harsh climate, cold waters and because enormous seabird concentrations inhabit and move through the Grand Banks in autumn (storm-petrels, Oceanodroma spp), winter (dovekies, Alle alle, murres, Uria spp), spring and summer (shearwaters, Puffinus spp). Many species are planktivorous and attracted to artificial light sources. Most of the seabirds in the region are long-distance migrants, and hydrocarbon development in the North-west Atlantic could affect both regional and global breeding populations. Regulators need to take responsibility for these circumstances. It is essential to implement comprehensive, independent arm's length monitoring of potential avian impacts of offshore hydrocarbon platforms in the North-west Atlantic. This should include quantifying and determining the nature, timing and extent of bird mortality caused by these structures. Based on existing evidence of potential impacts of offshore hydrocarbon platforms on seabirds, it is difficult to understand why this has not been and is not being, systematically implemented.     

Basic Lithofacies-Succession Model for the Wumishan Cyclothems: Their Markov Chain Analysis and Regularly Vertical Stacking Patterns in the Third-Order Sequences

The Mesoproterozoic Wumishan Formation in the Jixian section of Tianjin is a succession of 3300-m-thick carbonate strata formed in a period of about 100 Ma (1310±20 Ma-1207±10 Ma). In this succession of strata, the carbonate metre-scale cyclic sequences belonging to peritidal type with an approximately symmetrical lithofacies-succession are best developed. The wide development of 1:4 stacking patterns shows that these metre-scale cyclic sequences are genetically related to the short-eccentricity cycles, which are called the Wumishan cyclothems that could truly represent sedimentary cycles. Generally, massive and thick-bedded calcareous dolomites and dolomitic limestones of stromatolite biostromes and thrombolite bioherms constitute the central part of the Wumishan cyclothems. The lower and upper parts consist of tidal flat dolostones, sandy-muddy dolostone and the top part is composed of lagoonal facies dolomitic shales with a paleosol cap. Therefore, an approximately symmetrical lithofacies-successio     

长江流域中央造山系盆-山体系的构造样式分析及其动力学机制探讨

盆地和造山带是在空间展布和形成机制上具有密切联系的构造体系。盆 -山体系的构造样式分析 ,不仅可以重塑造山带及其邻区盆地的盆山耦合过程和景观演化 ,而且是探索造山作用对地貌、气候、资源、能源、环境和灾害等方面控制作用的基础。按照地球动力学环境 ,可以归纳为三种主要类型 ,即伸展、挤压、走滑盆 -山体系 ,结合其所处的大地构造体制和板块运动阶段 ,可以得出盆 -山体系构造样式的综合分类方案。长江流域的地质 -生态环境与自然灾害受到中新生代以来地壳运动和秦岭 -大别等造山作用的严格制约与影响。根据盆地原型和盆缘造山带之间的配置关系和成因联系 ,研究区长江流域中央造山系的典型盆 -山体系构造样式主要有桐柏 -大别造山带与中扬子北缘的江汉洞庭断陷盆地 ,秦巴边缘冲断造山带与上扬子北缘的四川前陆盆地。本文按同造山期、晚造山期和后造山期演化阶段 ,依此分析两个典型盆 -山体系的构造样式演化特征及其动力学机制探讨     

中国海域油气勘探的新领域——应当重视海域中生界油气资源

中国近海海域目前发现的油气绝大部分产自第三纪盆地，且以陆相为主，勘探工作虽已取得突破性进展，但就勘探的深度和广度而言，领域的局限性影响了油气储产能力，难以满足国家对油气资源迫切的需求。本以近海海域中生界盆地沉积与油气特征为主题，提出开拓中生界油气新领域，尤其是寻找前景极佳的海相油气，为发现大型中生界油气领域，尤其是寻找前景极佳的海相油气，为发现大型中生界油气田提供更多的后备勘探基地。     

海洋沉积物热释光--潜在的天然气水合物找矿方法

概述了热释光的形成机理。从放射性方法探测油气藏的原理出发 ,提出了海洋沉积物热释光探测天然气水合物的可能性。对采自中国南海、东海的海底沉积物进行了有机烃、金属元素和热释光分析。结果表明 ,热释光与有机烃类呈正相关 ,天然气水合物形成和分解产生的碳酸钙、硫酸钙及硫酸钡沉淀是很好的热释光晶体 ,在矿物结晶过程中加入的微量金属元素对热释光起到调节作用。热释光不受有机污染的影响 ,灵敏度高 ,是很有前景的寻找天然气水合物的方法     

台湾- 吕宋双火山弧的可能成因：菲律宾板块北西向加速运动

台湾- 吕宋双火山弧绵延近500 km，南北向展布于台湾岛和吕宋岛之间，其成因尚无定论。前人将其归因于轻质物质(南海洋中脊或南海北部轻质高原)的俯冲，然而数值模拟研究并不能有效支持该观点。随着欧亚- 菲律宾板块的会聚，南海东部次海盆被动俯冲于菲律宾板块之下。为了验证被动俯冲和主动俯冲对俯冲角度的控制作用，本文构建了二维高精度数值对比模型，在其他因素完全相同的情况下，考察会聚方向的差异对俯冲角度的影响。模拟结果显示，仅仅改变会聚方向，俯冲角度就能够发生巨大变化。在被动俯冲背景下如果条件合适则易于发生低角度俯冲。综合前人研究成果可以发现，南海- 菲律宾俯冲系统的条件满足发生低角度俯冲的要求，表现在两方面：① 南海东部次海盆的年龄从最新的洋中脊向北波动增加，最老为33 Ma，小于低角度俯冲洋盆年龄要求的40 Ma；② 欧亚- 菲律宾板块的会聚速率大于低角度俯冲速率要求的4 cm/a。由此，本文认为菲律宾- 欧亚板块在被动俯冲背景下的低速会聚形成了高角度俯冲从而导致西弧的形成；之后菲律宾板块北西向加速运动导致俯冲角度减小，西弧停止活动而东弧开始形成。本文模型不需要俯冲的轻质物质提供额外的浮力进而促使板片角度减小。西弧和东弧存在分叉现象，我们认为原因可能是洋壳年龄向北增加和(或)菲律宾板块旋转。本文提出了台湾- 吕宋双火山弧另一种可能的演化机制，有助于推进对该双火山弧和该俯冲系统的理解，也能够为认识其他被动俯冲过程提供参考实例。