Structural characteristics of the KPR-CBR triple-junction inferred from gravity and magnetic interpretations,Philippine Sea Plate

The intersection of the Kyushu-Palau Ridge (KPR) and the Central Basin Rift (CBR) of the West Philippine Basin (WPB) is a relic of a trench-trench-rift (TTR) type triple-junction, which preserves some pivotal information on the cessation of the seafloor spreading of the WPB, the emplacement and disintegration of the proto-Izu-Bonin-Mariana (IBM) Arc, and the transition from initial rifting to steady-state spreading of the Parece Vela Basin (PVB). However, the structural characteristics of this triple-junction have not been thoroughly understood. In this paper, using the newly acquired multi-beam bathymetric, gravity, and magnetic data obtained by the Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, the authors depict the topographic, gravity, and magnetic characteristics of the triple-junction and adjacent region. Calculations including the upward continuations and total horizontal derivatives of gravity anomaly are also performed to highlight the major structural features and discontinuities. Based on these works, the morphological and structural features and their formation mechanisms are analyzed. The results show that the last episode amagmatic extension along the CBR led to the formation of a deep rift valley, which extends eastward and incised the KPR. The morphological and structural fabrics of the KPR near and to the south of the triple-junction are consistent with those of the western PVB, manifesting as a series of NNE-SSW- and N-S-trending ridges and troughs, which were produced by the extensional faults associated with the initial rifting of the PVB. The superposition of the above two reasons induced the prominent discontinuity of the KPR in deep and shallow crustal structures between 15°N–15°30′N and 13°30′N–14°N. Combined with previous authors’ results, we propose that the stress produced by the early spreading of the PVB transmitted westward and promoted the final stage amagmatic extension of the CBR. The eastward propagation of the CBR destroyed the KPR, of which the magmatism had decayed or ceased at that time. The destruction mechanism of the KPR associated with the rifting of the PVB varies along strike the KPR. Adjacent to the triple-junction, the KPR was destroyed mainly due to the oblique intersection of the PVB rifting center. Whereas south of the triple-junction, the KPR was destroyed by the E-W-directional extensional faulting on its whole width.©2021 China Geology Editorial Office.     

Generation of oceanic internal gravity waves by a cyclonic surface stress disturbance

Atmospheric cyclones with strong winds significantly impact ocean circulation, regional sea surface temperature, and deep water formation across the global oceans. Thus they are expected to play a key role in a variety of energy transport mechanisms. Even though wind-generated internal gravity waves are thought to contribute significantly to the energy balance of the deep ocean, their excitation mechanisms are only partly understood.The present study investigates the generation of internal gravity waves during a geostrophic adjustment process in a Boussinesq model with axisymmetric geometry. The atmospheric disturbance is set by an idealized pulse of cyclonic wind stress with a Rankine vortex structure. Strength, radius and duration of the forcing are varied. The effect upon wave generation of stratification with variable mixed-layer depth is also examined.Results indicate that internal gravity waves are generated after approximately one inertial period. The outward radial energy flux is dominated by waves having structure close to vertical mode-1 and with frequency close to the inertial frequency. Less energetic higher mode waves are observed to be generated close to the sea floor underneath the storm. The total radiated energy corresponds to approximately 0.02% of the wind input. Deeper mixed-layer conditions as well as weaker stratification reduce this fraction.The low energy transfer rates suggest that other processes that drive vertical motion like surface heat fluxes, turbulent motion, mixed region collapse and storm translation are essential for significant energy extraction by internal gravity waves to occur.     

Climate change perceptions and their individual-level determinants: A cross-European analysis

There is now an extensive literature on the question of how individual-level factors affect climate change perceptions, showing that socio-political variables, notably values, worldviews and political orientation, are key factors alongside demographic variables. Yet little is known about cross-national differences in these effects, as most studies have been conducted in a single or small number of countries and cross-study comparisons are difficult due to different conceptualisations of key climate change dimensions. Using data from the European Social Survey Round 8 (n = 44,387), we examine how key socio-political and demographic factors are associated with climate change perception across 22 European countries and Israel. We show that human values and political orientation are important predictors of climate change beliefs and concern, as are the demographics of gender, age, and education. Certain associations with climate change perceptions, such as the ones for the self-transcendence versus self-enhancement value dimension, political orientation, and education, are more consistent across countries than for gender and age. However, even if the direction of the associations are to a large extent consistent, the sizes of the effects are not. We demonstrate that the sizes of the effects are generally smaller in Central and Eastern European countries, and that some demographic effects are larger in Northern European as compared to Western European countries. This suggests that findings from one country do not always generalize to other national contexts.     

三峡水利枢纽主体工程施工控制测量

介绍了采用测边三角网和GPS静态测量实施三峡工程加密控制网的应用情况,阐述了随着光电测距精度的不断提高及水电施工环境的影响,采用测边网加测距三角高程网实施控制网加密是当前行之有效的一种好方法;此外,GPS测量以其限定条件少、操作简单、高自动化的内业处理等优点为施工控制测量开辟了一条新途径。     

附有限制条件的间接平差与附有条件的条件平差的内在联系探讨

通过运用附有条件的条件平差原理解算附有限制条件的间接平差模型,以及运用附有限制条件的间接平差原理解算附有条件的条件平差模型,推证得出结论:对于同一个平差问题而言,这两种平差模型是完全等价的,都可作为各种经典平差模型的概括平差模型。     

测量不确定度的讨论

以往我们都用“误差”来评定测量结果的好坏,随着生产和科学技术的发展,这一评定方法已不适应现今形势,故而引出用“测量不确定度”来评定测量结果。我国1999年就发布了国家计量技术规范JJG1059—1999《测量不确定度评定与表示》,本文根据相关的测量规范,就二者的区别和不确定度表示方法评定做一简单的分析和探讨。     

利用重力和地形观测反演中国及邻区地壳厚度

尝试了直接利用布格重力数据和地形数据反演计算中国及邻区的地壳厚度的方法. 为减小区域不均衡性和重力反演中的不唯一性的影响,本方法利用地表地形起伏修正传统反演方法中的参考深度,并经过多次的迭代使得反演结果逼近真实值. 在此基础上,绘制了中国及邻区1deg;times;1deg;网格的地壳厚度图,对中国及邻区的布格重力异常和莫霍界面的起伏数据进行了相关性分析, 其相关性系数为-0.993. 其地形起伏与莫霍界面的起伏之间也呈现出了海、陆不同的线性相关,其相关系数分别为0.96和0.91. 相关性计算结果显示,重力数据揭示的大陆和海洋的交界大致为水下800 m. 为了探讨地球曲率对该算法可能的影响, 还分别计算了分区反演以及整体区域反演两种模式,研究发现两者得到的地壳厚度偏差在5km以内,并分析了可能产生偏差的原因. 比较本文结果与地震测深及其它研究结果表明,独立使用布格重力异常和地形数据,能较为可靠地反演出中国及邻区地壳厚度.      

四渡河特大桥GPS控制网的布设及成果分析

介绍四渡河特大桥GPS控制网,采用一种新颖的平差计算方式,解决了与周边控制网的接边精度问题,解决了大山区大高差对GPS施工控制网的精度影响。实际验证了国产单频静态GPS接受机,也能进行高精度的施工控制测量。     

对土石方计算的几点技巧的探讨

在工程测量中,测量土石方是一件很普通的工作。但在计算土石方过程中,经常会遇到一些很难解决的问题。介绍了利用一种常用的土石方软件系统来计算土石方的技巧。     

武汉天兴洲长江大桥市政配套工程测量技术方案

武汉天兴洲大桥是武汉市继长江大桥之后又一座大型公铁两用大桥,两岸市政配套工程属大型市政工程,详细介绍了它的控制测量和地形测量技术方案及产品的检查验收,为类似工程的测量方案提供借鉴。