Transport of waste heat from a nuclear power plant into coastal water

A numerical and experimental modeling is presented for studying the transport of waste heat from a nuclear power plant into coastal water by using a full-field physical model with scale distortion, a local physical model with normal scale and a depth-averaged k− turbulence model with a modified second-order upwind scheme. Field investigations are also used to provide the calibration and validation of the modeling. A case study simulating the turbulent tidal flow and waste heat transport in the coastal water near Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant in Southern China was conducted. The experimental result of the case study shows that the water temperature in coastal water was a little oversimulated near the surface and was a little undersimulated near the bottom of heated-water layer by the full-field physical model. The numerical study shows that the depth-averaged k− turbulence model presented a satisfied prediction of turbulent tidal flow and far-field temperature distribution in coastal water, although the near-field stratification due to the heated water effluent was not accounted for. The result of the effect of scale distortion on physical model shows that a full-field physical model with a scale distortion of 10 produced a satisfied result of temperature distribution in the present case study.     

Long-range aircraft as an Arctic Oceanographic platform

Synoptic basin-wide measurements of Arctic Ocean temperature and salinity are now possible with the recent development of an expendable conductivity, temperature, and depth probe for deployment from aircraft (AXCTD). Both the P-3 Orion aircraft and the C-130 aircraft are capable of long-range, low-altitude flight and are ideal for Arctic research. Expendable profilers can be quickly deployed over vast regions from aircraft and in locations with limited ship access, but have the disadvantage of measuring only the top 1000 m and of being about an order of magnitude less accurate than a CTD cast, primarily because of noisy salinity measurements and depth-fall rate errors. We explore how to conduct an ACXTD measurement program in ice-covered seas and discuss a test of these methods conducted in the Arctic Ocean's Eurasian Basin. Long-range aircraft can significantly augment the present program of Arctic research by performing large-area surveys, continuing time series with repeat measurements, and by helping target locations for more detailed and accurate shipboard measurement.     

遥感反演和站点观测的地气温度分布特征差异

地表温度和近地表大气温度是地球系统、大气系统以及地—气相互作用物理过程的重要参量。在陆地—大气的相互作用过程中,水汽含量、NDVI指数、下垫面变化等因素会对地—气热量传输造成一定的影响。本文首先利用地表温度产品（MYD11A1）以及气温站点数据（GSOD）获得全国尺度下地表温度年最大值、近地面气温年最大值。在此基础上,使用趋势分析法分析2003年—2018年地、气温度年最大值时空分布特征及变化趋势,以及地—气温差气候倾向率变化趋势。最后,结合大气总水汽含量产品（MYD05）、NDVI指数（MYD13A3）、二氧化碳平均浓度增长率分析导致地表温度年最大值与近地面气温年最大值趋势发生变化的原因。研究结果表明：（1）在全国尺度下,2003年—2018年地表温度年最大值呈现北高南低的空间分布特征。近地面气温年最大值的空间分布与地表温度年最大值相反。大气总水汽含量年最大值在热带、亚热带季风气候区内总体较高。水汽含量既影响近地面气温的大小,同时也受到近地面气温的影响,因此,水汽含量年最大值与近地面气温年最大值表现出一定的空间分布一致性特征。（2）在2003年—2018年期间,地表温度年最大值的气候倾向率在空间上表现出北高南低的分布特征。近地面气温年最大值的气候倾向率在空间上也表现为北高南低,与地表温度年最大值的气候倾向率变化基本一致。但地表温度年最大值的变化幅度要大于近地面气温年最大值,并且在个别区域表现不一致。主要分布在天山地区、三江平原以及秦岭南侧地区,地—气年最大值变化趋势相反即地—气差减小。（3）大气总水汽含量年最大值的增加可造成近地面气温年最大值的增加,而植被覆盖度的上升可造成地表温度年最大值下降。但在天山地区大气总水汽含量与地—气差的响应不明显,但天山地区的近地面气温年最大值与CO₂平均浓度增长率的关系较为明显。（4）遥感数据反演的地表温度年最大值和站点观测的近地面气温年最大值空间分布表现出差异,但时间变化趋势基本一致。     

珞珈一号夜间灯光数据的福建省人为热通量估算

夜间灯光数据是估算人为热通量（AHF）的重要数据,但当前应用最广的DMSP/OLS和Suomi-NPP/VIIRS夜间灯光数据由于受限于粗糙的空间分辨率,而无法刻画城市内部的AHF分布细节。中国2018年6月发射的Luojia 1-01卫星所获取的130 m高空间分辨率夜间灯光数据,则有望解决这一问题。因此本文利用Luojia 1-01夜间灯光数据,通过将统计年鉴中的能源统计数据细化至福建省84个县（市、区）,然后与3个夜间灯光指数（NTL_nor、HSI、VANUI）进行回归分析,分别构建了基于这3个指数的福建省AHF空间估算模型,并采用交叉验证法对其进行筛选。结果显示：（1）在3个指数中,基于VANUI的乘幂估算模型的R²最高,且RMSE最小,因此精度最高;（2）利用VANUI乘幂估算模型反演得到的2018年福建省年均AHF为0.88 W/m²,其中厦门市的年均AHF最高,达10.98 W/m²,泉州、莆田、福州、漳州等沿海城市次之,年均值在0.98—1.95 W/m²,而宁德、龙岩、三明、南平等城市的AHF则较低,均值在0.38—0.46 W/m²;（3）Luojia 1-01夜间灯光数据可以揭示城市内部的AHF分异细节。根据用地属性和功能的不同,AHF数值表现为：城市集中商业区>大型市政公共设施区>城市主干道>城市住宅区>近郊住宅区。研究表明,基于Luojia 1-01夜间灯光数据建立的AHF估算模型可以较好地揭示城市尺度AHF的空间分异情况。     

GIS专业实践教学综合改革研究

实践教学一般包括实验教学、课外实习、生产实习、专项设计和课外科技活动等多种模式。实践教学在全面提高学生素质,培养创新意识强、实践能力强的应用型和创新型高素质的复合型人才方面有着极其重要的作用。GIS专业的学科特点决定其实践教学具有理论教学更加不可取代的重要作用。据此,作者根据多年来所从事GIS专业教学工作的实践,结合GIS学科特点,对GIS专业实践教学的认识、实践教学内容、实践教学模式和实践考核方式中存在的问题进行了全面的分析,总结提出了一些具体的改革措施。     

关于提升测绘地理信息规划编制水平的思考

在总结国内外规划编制理论和实践的基础上,对测绘地理信息规划编制现状提出,要从加强规划理论研究,探索规划研究编制、决策相分离模式,创新行业主体参与渠道和模式,建立专家问责机制和退出机制,完善规划实施效果评估机制等优化编制程序,并完善规划内容等方面来提升规划编制的水平。     

Low-decomposition rates of riparian litter in a North Patagonian ultraoligotrophic lake

Littoral zones of lakes are important for carbon and nutrient recycling because of the accumulation and decomposition of organic matter (OM) coming from terrestrial and aquatic plants. Here, we aimed to study OM decomposition from the most abundant riparian trees (Nothofagus dombeyi and Myrceugenia exsucca), and an emergent macrophyte (Schoenoplectus californicus), in the littoral zone of an ultraoligotrophic North-Patagonian Andean lake. We analysed the initial 2-days leaching, and litter mass loss and litter nutrient changes after one year of decomposition in a litter-bag experiment. The three studied species had very slow decay rates (k < 0.005 day⁻¹), and initial nutrient release by leaching was not related to differences in decomposition rates. However, differences in leaf traits (lignin content) were related to interspecific variation in decomposition rates. The highest decomposition rates were observed for the macrophyte S. californicus, the species with the lower lignin content, while the opposite was observed in the Myrtaceae M. exsucca. In the three studied species, nitrogen content increased during decomposition. Our results indicated that in the shore of ultra-oligotrophic lakes, litter remains for long periods with net nutrient immobilization, thus OM of the riparian vegetation represents a carbon and nutrient sink.     

土壤中热量传输计算的研究进展与展望

土壤中热量传输计算的研究分为土壤热通量计算方法和土壤导温率计算方法两方面的成果. 目前已有土壤热通量的计算方法, 在土壤表层可以得到较好结果, 但在土壤深层的适用性无法确定. 多孔介质模型和考虑水的渗流造成的影响, 是多年冻土区土壤导温率的计算方法的研究方面新的进展. 为研究青藏铁路沿线冻土演化趋势找到合适的土壤热量传输计算方案, 应是今后工作的一个重点.     

钾含量对白云母X射线衍射特征的影响

对白云母X射线衍射峰强度的理论计算,发现其衍射峰的强度随钾含量呈规律性变化;对白云母活化释钾后不同钾含量样品进行X射线衍射实验,发现实测的衍射峰强度值与计算值变化趋势一致。计算与实测的白云母特征衍射峰强度比值曲线也有相同的变化趋势。这些结果表明白云母中钾含量是其X射线衍射特征变化的主要原因。