自适应海洋观测

“自适应海洋观测”指固定或移动的海洋观测平台能够根据海洋环境和信号的变化,自主调节测量和运行参数,获取最关键的海洋信息.自主水下航行器运用自适应检测和采样技术,在研究上升流锋面等实验中显示出前所未有的观测准确度和效率.一个海洋观测系统的综合效能,取决于固定平台和移动平台的功能互补以及自适应观测能力的增强.     

FHDZ—M15地磁组合观测系统OVERHAUSER探头对FGE探头的影响初探

受记录室和观测系统自身因素的限制,FHDZ-M15地磁组合观测系统的OVERHAUSER磁力仪探头和FGE磁力仪探头相互之间存在一定的磁影响。本文在湖北省恩施地震台作了相互影响的模拟实验,结果表明,OVERHAUSER探头和FGE探头之间的相互影响与两者之间的距离和方位有关。当FGE探头和OVERHAUSER探头呈东西向放置时,影响水平较大,H分量表现更加明显,距离大于1.5m时,影响基本消失。     

四川探空秒级数据质量控制

基于L波段探空综合观测的逐秒数据制定了秒数据质量控制方法,对每次探空综合观测结束后的秒级数据文件进行大段数据缺失检查、瞬时值检查、施放点订正检查、放球时间订正检查、高度差检查、气温变率检查、气压变率检查、相对湿度变率检查、仰角变率检查、方位角变率检查、斜距变率检查、升速检查、终止点检查和僵值检查。通过该方法对四川2016年探空秒级数据文件进行质量控制,发现该质量控制方法可以很好地检查出L波段探空综合观测秒数据的错误。质控结果表明:通过高度差检查的放球次数仅有1105次,通过斜距变率检查的放球次数有2221次,方位角变率检查、气温变率检查、仰角变率检查有六至七成的通过率,施放点订正检查、放球时间订正检查、湿度变率检查有近九成的通过率,剩余检查通过率在九成以上。综合总的可疑信息数量和全年平均至1次放球提出的疑误数量,探空秒数据中不正常斜距出现频率较高,雷达计算高度与压高公式计算高度超阈值情况较多,其它检查发现的疑误相对较少。     

台风“菲特”期间T639预报风场在东中国海的有效性检验

海表风场是航海、海洋工程及防灾减灾等都十分关注的海洋要素之一,本文利用来自台湾地区和韩国的风速观测资料,检验了台风"菲特"及一次冷空气过程期间T639风场预报产品在东中国海的有效性。结果表明:(1)台风"菲特"和冷空气期间,预报风速与观测风速在曲线走势上保持了较好的一致性。(2)从相关系数来看,各个观测站的预报风速与观测风速都表现出较为密切的相关性;从偏差来看,预报风速略高于观测风速;从均方根误差和平均绝对误差来看,误差也都在可控范围之内。(3)台风"菲特"期间,T639预报风场对台风眼、台风尾迹等气旋性特征刻画得较为形象,外埔气象站、东吉岛气象站和兰屿气象站受台风影响较为显著,淡水气象站、金门气象站和绿岛气象站受台风的影响则偏弱。T639预报风场对南下的冷空气过程同样有着较好的体现,对风向和风速都有很好的模拟。     

基于观测网的海底动力环境监测系统的设计与实现

海底动力环境监测系统是南海海底观测网试验系统的重要课题。在"十一五"观测网的基础上,对系统的稳定性与可靠性进行改进,设计使用CAN现场总线通信、ARM双冗余备份、Modem声学网关通道、DC/DC并联冗余与备份电池。该系统主要搭载声学多普勒流速剖面仪(ADCP)、国家海洋技术中心温盐深测量仪(CTD)、高精度压力传感器等设备,集成岸基监测与反馈子系统、控制与数据采集子系统、通信与电源管理子系统,实现了对海底边界层速度剖面场、湍流速度、温度、盐度、压力等海洋动力要素的长期实时稳定监测。经过试验测试,该系统稳定可靠,利于传感器扩展集成,为海底观测网提供了可靠的验证观测节点。     

An Economical Approach to Four-dimensional Variational Data Assimilation

Four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4DVar) is one of the most promising methods to provide optimal analysis for numerical weather prediction (NWP). Five national NWP centers in the world have successfully applied 4DVar methods in their global NWPs, thanks to the increment method and adjoint technique. However, the application of 4DVar is still limited by the computer resources available at many NWP centers and research institutes. It is essential, therefore, to further reduce the computational cost of 4DVar. Here, an economical approach to implement 4DVar is proposed, using the technique of dimension-reduced projection (DRP), which is called ``DRP-4DVar." The proposed approach is based on dimension reduction using an ensemble of historical samples to define a subspace. It directly obtains an optimal solution in the reduced space by fitting observations with historical time series generated by the model to form consistent forecast states, and therefore does not require implementation of the adjoint of tangent linear approximation. To evaluate the performance of the DRP-4DVar on assimilating different types of mesoscale observations, some observing system simulation experiments are conducted using MM5 and a comparison is made between adjoint-based 4DVar and DRP-4DVar using a 6-hour assimilation window.     

盐湖卤水参数自动观测系统中的传感器

研制了检测盐湖和盐田卤水温度、密度和水位的传惑器,并建立了盐湖高浓度卤水中钾离子含量的直接自动测定方法。为了使传感器在青藏高原盐湖的恶劣环境中长期稳定工作,并防止探头结盐与腐蚀,采取了一系列技术措施。这些传感器用于察尔汗盐湖卤水动态自动观测系统中,取得了满意的效果。     

The Integrated Global Geodetic Observing System (IGGOS) viewed from the perspective of history

Towards the end of the 19th century, geodetic observation techniques allowed it to create geodetic networks of continental size. The insight that big networks can only be set up through international collaboration led to the establishment of an international collaboration called “Central European Arc Measurement”, the predecessor of the International Association of Geodesy (IAG), in 1864. The scope of IAG activities was extended already in the 19th century to include gravity.At the same time, astrometric observations could be made with an accuracy of a few tenths of an arcsecond. The accuracy stayed roughly on this level, till the space age opened the door for milliarcsecond (mas) astrometry. Astrometric observations allowed it at the end of the 19th century to prove the existence of polar motion. The insight that polar motion is almost unpredictable led to the establishment of the International Latitude Service (ILS) in 1899.The IAG and the ILS were the tools (a) to establish and maintain the terrestrial and the celestial reference systems, including the transformation parameters between the two systems, and (b) to determine the Earth's gravity field.Satellite-geodetic techniques and astrometric radio-interferometric techniques revolutionized geodesy in the second half of the 20th century. Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) and methods based on the interferometric exploitation of microwave signals (stemming from Quasars and/or from satellites) allow it to realize the celestial reference frame with (sub-)mas accuracy, the global terrestrial reference frame with (sub-)cm accuracy, and to monitor the transformation between the systems with a high time resolution and (sub-)mas accuracy. This development led to the replacement of the ILS through the IERS, the International Earth Rotation Service in 1989.In the pre-space era, the Earth's gravity field could “only” be established by terrestrial methods. The determination of the Earth's gravitational field was revolutionized twice in the space era, first by observing geodetic satellites with optical, Laser, and Doppler techniques, secondly by implementing a continuous tracking with spaceborne GPS receivers in connection with satellite gradiometry. The sequence of the satellite gravity missions CHAMP, GRACE, and GOCE allow it to name the first decade of the 21st century the “decade of gravity field determination”.The techniques to establish and monitor the geometric and gravimetric reference frames are about to reach a mature state and will be the prevailing geodetic tools of the following decades. It is our duty to work in the spirit of our forefathers by creating similarly stable organizations within IAG with the declared goal to produce the geometric and gravimetric reference frames (including their time evolution) with the best available techniques and to make accurate and consistent products available to wider Earth sciences community as a basis for meaningful research in global change. IGGOS, the Integrated Global Geodetic Observing System, is IAG's attempt to achieve these goals. It is based on the well-functioning and well-established network of IAG services.     

气候观测系统及其相关的关键问题

地球系统中的大气圈、水圈、冰雪圈、岩石圈和生物圈构成了气候系统, 气候系统中不同圈层之间的相互作用决定了气候的自然变化。由于人类活动的日益加剧, 对气候系统已经产生了显著影响。气候的自然变化和人类活动导致的气候变化对社会经济的发展以及人民生活的影响日益加大, 并涉及到国家安全、环境外交和可持续发展等一系列重大问题。要认识气候变化及其强迫因素、预测未来气候变化, 最基础的工作是建立针对气候目的涉及到气候系统五大圈层的综合气候观测系统, 以获取所需的高质量资料和相关产品, 提供气候系统变化的详细信息。该文回顾了气候观测系统设计在中国的发展以及中国气象科学研究院在组织设计中国气候观测系统中的作用, 并指出了在建立我国气候观测系统中存在的一些需要改进的方面。在对气候观测系统进行分析的基础上, 指出了与建立气候观测系统相关的10个方面的关键问题, 这些问题包括:气候观测系统的科学需求、气候观测系统的代表性、全面性、规范性、对气候预测和预估及模式发展的支撑性、多学科应用性、社会经济性、资料开放共享性以及气候系统资料的同化再分析和历史资料的抢救。     

成都地磁台地磁总强度数字与模拟资料对比

对成都地磁台两年多(2002~2004年)的地磁总强度数字与模拟观资料进行了对比分析,结果表明:由于数字观测资料与模拟观测资料取数的个数不同,两者的曲线变化形态不同。模拟地磁总强度的形态为近直线型,而数字化地磁总强度则有显著的日动态变化。但数字观测资料经过平均处理后产生的日均值与模拟观测日值大致相同。据现有资料,数字化地磁总强度的映震能力优于模拟地磁总强度。