耗氧速率(OUR)测量方法的实验研究

目前多采用分批实验法和呼吸测量仪测量耗氧速率,而耗氧速率的测量对于研究活性污泥数学模型中的动力学参数及废水特性鉴定具有重要意义。本文根据OUR测量方法的基本原理设计了1种简易的OUR测量装置,为检验测量装置的有效性,设计了相关实验进行验证。在内源呼吸实验中,测定了所用活性污泥的内源呼吸速率是5.1mgO2/L·h,污泥的衰减系数是0.0137h-1,比文献值略高。基质降解实验对人工配水(葡萄糖和淀粉)的耗氧速率进行了测定,实验结果显示有3个显著不同的耗氧速率,分别为35mg/L·h,13mg/L·h,6mg/L·h,它们各代表葡萄糖降解、淀粉降解和内源呼吸的速率。内源呼吸速率高于前1个实验是由于基质降解过程中污泥量增加所致。并计算出异养菌产率系数Kd为0.63mgVSS/mgCOD,Kd略低于文献值。实验结果证明,该装置能很好的实现测量目的。     

湛江海区8种常见海藻营养成分分析

对采自湛江沿海的8种常见海藻的营养成分进行分析。结果显示:碳水化合物是构成这8种藻体的主要成分,占藻体干重的48.22%～69.16%。蛋白质占2.81%～15.44%,平均为9.25%,且蛋白质中氨基酸含量高,平均16.01%,氨基酸组成中天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、缬氨酸和亮氨酸含量多;绿藻门种类无论是蛋白质还是氨基酸含量都高于红藻门和褐藻门的种类,4种绿藻的氨基酸评分最高。粗脂肪占0.15%～1.17%,平均0.56%。粗纤维的平均含量近似于碳水化合物的一半。根据蛋白质和粗脂肪的比例,叉枝藻Cymogongrus flabelliformis和盾叶蕨藻Caulerpa racemosa var.peltata均可作为高蛋白、低脂肪的良好食物来源。矿物质中铁、锌含量丰富,介于0.311～1.722mg/g间,铜、砷和镍含量超标。     

不同鲜重秋茄胚轴形态及其对幼苗生长的影响

为了探讨不同鲜重秋茄胚轴的表型性状和营养成分含量差异,及其对幼苗生长的影响,确定浙江省秋茄胚轴质量标准,提高造林质量,本研究采集4.0～5.0g、5.0～6.0g、6.0～7.0g、7.0～8.0g、8.0～9.0g、9.0～10.0g共6组不同鲜重的秋茄胚轴,测定其表型性状、营养成分含量和幼苗生长性状。结果表明,胚轴长度、横径、顶径随着胚轴鲜重的增加而显著增加。不同鲜重等级胚轴间的氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)和有机碳百分含量差异不显著,但随着秋茄胚轴鲜重增加,淀粉百分含量显著减小。单根胚轴的营养成分总含量随胚轴鲜重的增加而显著增加。胚轴的C:N、N:P和C:P值在鲜重7.0～8.0g等级时均显著高于其他鲜重等级。幼苗生长高、基径、叶片数及生物量随胚轴鲜重的增加而显著增加,但在5.0～6.0g、6.0～7.0g和7.0～8.0g等级间幼苗茎干重、叶干重、净生物量和总生物量差异不显著。胚轴表型性状与幼苗生长指标之间的相关性均呈显著水平(P<0.05),除胚轴P总含量与生长高之间的相关性不显著外, N、K、Na、有机碳、淀粉总含量与幼苗生长指标之间均呈显著正相关关系(P<0.0...     

Water chemistry and water quality variation in the Danjiangkou Reservoir, as a function of water management for the Middle Route of South to North Water Divert Project, China

As the diversion dike of the Middle Route of the South to North Water Transfer Project （MRSNWTP）, the water quality and water quantity of Danjiangkou Reservoir is critical to the project. At present, the rates of industrial wastewater treatment and sewage discharge, which belongs to Chinese State Standard in the districts near the reservoir except Shiyan city, are less than 60% and 40% respectively. The point source pollutants will be controlled because of the project after some time, but the non-point source pollutants caused by vegetation degradation and water-soil erosion will not be controlled effectively in a long time. Water samples were collected from the Danjiangkou Reservoir during 2004 and 2005 and analyzed for trace metals, i.e., silver （Ag）, aluminum （Al）, arsenic （As）, barium （Ba）, bismuth （Bi）, calcium （Ca）, cadmium （Cd）, cobalt （Co）, chromium （Cr）, copper （Cu）, iron （Fe）, mercury （Hg）, potassium （K）, lithium （Li）, magnesium （Mg）, manganese （Mn）, molybdenum （Mo）, sodium （Na）, nickel （Ni）, lead （Pb）, antimony （Sb）, selenium （Se）, silicon （Si）, strontium （Sr）, vanadium （V）, zinc （Zn）, chemicophysical parameters and nutrients, i.e., temperature （T）, pH, dissolved oxygen （DO）, turbidity, total suspended solid （TSS）, nitrate/ammonia/ammonium-nitrogen （NO3^-/NH3/NH4^＋-N）, total nitrogen （TN）, dissolved inorganic nitrogen （DIN）, total phosphorus （TP）, potassium permanganate index （IMn）, biochemical oxygen demand （BOD）, dissolved inorganic carbon （HCO3^-）. Our results are water quality belongs to Chinese standard level II, trace metals are low, but they are accumulating, and many of which, i.e., As, Pb, will endanger reservoir water security.     

影响C4草本植物C/N比值变化的因素与土壤有机C积累的关系

文章对采自贵州从低海拔的东部到高海拔的西部且大致平行的石灰岩和砂岩两地带均生长的3种C₄草本植物,即巴茅(Miscanthusfloridulus)、白茅(Imperatacylindrica)和类芦(Neyraudiareynaudiana),以及相对应的土壤表层样品,进行了营养元素和C同位素组成分析;研究营养元素含量随着海拔的不同而出现的变化趋势,以及这些元素之间的相互协变作用,尤其是Ca和N之间的相互协变作用对植物的N含量、C/N比值和^δ13C值的影响,以了解植物的C/N比值(指示植物残留物质量的一种标志)与土壤有机C积累的关系。研究结果表明,植物的N含量和^δ13C值具有随海拔的上升而显著增大趋势,而植物的C/N比值在砂岩地区虽有减小的趋势,在石灰岩地带则没有。对所研究的C4草本植物来说,在土壤pH值为5.8的中性条件下显示出Ca的最大吸收,因此,Ca与其他营养元素之间的协变模式在两种土壤类型中表现出相反的倾向,并存在土壤交换性Ca的边界浓度:当土壤可交换性Ca的含量为2.24mg/g,相应土壤的pH值在5.8以下时,随着土壤可交换性Ca浓度的增大,植物的N含量上升,而植物的C/N比值会显著降低;当Ca在边界浓度以上时,随着土壤可交换性Ca浓度的增大,植物的N含量下降,而植物的C/N比值有增加的趋势。由此可见,植物残留物的N含量和C/N比值受Ca元素含量的相     

不同水淹环境下河口感潮湿地枯落物分解及营养动态

采用分解袋法,以我国东南沿海典型的感潮河口--闽江河口最大的鳝鱼滩湿地为研究区域,选取2个潮水水淹环境差异显著的地段(一个为近潮沟地段,另一个为远潮沟地段)为研究样地,对闽江河口主要的本地种芦苇、短叶茳芏及外来人侵种互花米草枯落物分解过程及影响因素进行研究,结果表明:(1)经常性的潮汐水淹对3种植物枯落物分解速率的影响不显著;(2)经常性的潮汐水淹促进了短叶茳芏和互花米草枯落物N、P元素的损失,但对芦苇的影响不大;(3)在2种不同的水淹环境,3种植物枯落物分解速率由快到慢的顺序均是短叶茳芏>互花米草>和芦苇,分解速率在0.003166～0.005280 d-1之间,95%干物质分解需要的时间在1.56～2.61 a之间;(4)C浓度基本稳定,N浓度呈上升趋势,总N在研究末期表现为净损失,P浓度呈较大的波动,总P在研究末期也表现为净损失;(5)具有最低C/P的短叶茳芏枯落物分解速率最快.     

草地改良对陆地生态系统养分的影响--以福建省建瓯市牛坑龙草地生态系统试验站为例

Both land use/land cover change (LUCC) and the effects of nutrients cycles on terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity are key environmental problems in the 21st century (Yang etal., 2002; Li, 1996; Bai and Bai, 1998). Land cover change is the accumulated result of land use, which includes three types, i.e., deterioration, transition and amelioration of land cover (Cai, 2001). The nutrient cycle is the main functional process to maintain stability and production of an ecosystem. Land cover …     

Relationship between the variation of water quality in rivers and the characteristics of watershed at Miyun,Beijing, China

Based on the characteristics of land use and drainage network of the upper watershed of the Miyun Res-ervoir, Beijing, 26 monitoring and sampling sites were selected in different sub-catchments. Temporal and spatial variations in nutrient loss were dealt with in this paper in terms of the monitoring data on the water quality of the main tributaries flowing into the Miyun Reservoir. In combination with the monitoring data on water quality, the impacts of watershed characteristics including land-use type, landscape pattern, and drainage density were assessed, The concentrations of nutrients in the rainy season are higher than those in other seasons, and the concentrations of NO3--N are linearly related to those of total N which is the main form of nitrogen present in the fiver water. The concentrations of nitrogen become higher toward the reservoir along the main rivers. The seasonal variation of ni-trogen in the watershed affected by intensive human activities is very obvious; in the watershed with steady or low water flow, the seasonal variation of nitrogen is less obvious. Forest land and grassland can trap and filter nitrogen effectively. Land-use pattern also has important impacts on the loss of nitrogen. The concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the water bodies show great temporal and spatial variations. On a temporal scale, the concentrations of TN and TP in the rainy reason are higher than those in other seasons. On a spatial scale, the concentrations of TN and NO3--N in the Qingshui River and Chaohe River are highest all the time. The spatial variation of TP is distinct, being obvious at sampling sites near villages. The form of nitrogen and phosphorus loss varies in different hydrological seasons. Dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus are the main forms in streams in non-rainy seasons, the dissolved nitro-gen and total nitrogen decrease in percentage in the rainy season. Particulate nitrogen and phosphorus are the main forms in some rivers. The concentrations of TN and NO3--N from orchards and villages are high whereas those from forest land are lowest. Land-use pattern has impacts on TN and NO3--N losses, at the sampling sites near the source landscape, the concentrations are higher than those at the sampling sites near the sink landscape. Water quality of the rivers which flow into the Miyuan Reservior is influenced by the composition of adjacent soils.     

黄土丘陵区小流域土地利用变化对生态环境的影响：以延安市羊圈沟？…

选择黄土丘陵沟壑区的羊圈沟流域,应用地理信息系统和野外采样技术,从小流域,坡面和单一土地利用类型三个尺度层次研究土地利用变化对流域土壤侵蚀,土壤养分和土壤水分的影响。结果发现：１９９６年比１９８４年该流域坡耕地减少４３％,林地增加了４２％,草地增加了５％,土壤侵蚀量减少了２４％。     

鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组长7段富有机质页岩中藻类化石的发现及地质意义

鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组长7段富有机质页岩是该盆地中生界含油系统的主力烃源岩,其有机质丰度高,类型好,具有巨大的生烃潜力。该套烃源岩中有机质的富集很大程度上取决于长7期的高古生产力及其提供的充足的有机质。长7期藻类勃发的存在已被多数学者所接受,但是目前还缺乏直观、有力的证据。笔者等通过薄片和扫描电镜观察、能谱分析,在长7段的脉状黄铁矿附近和碳酸盐结核中发现了属种单一、分布丰度高的藻类化石,它们呈现出近似球状的轮廓,在中部分布着一条裂缝。这些藻类化石的发现具有重要的地质意义,它为长7期的藻类勃发提供了很好的证据,也为该时期热液活动的重要作用提供了有力的支撑。