Characteristics of distribution and transport of petroleum contaminants in fracture-karst water in Zibo Area, Shandong Province, China

Fracture-karst water is an important water resource for the water supply in North China. Petroleum contamination is one of the most problematic types of the groundwater pollution. The characteristics of distribution and transport of the petroleum contaminants in fracture-karst water are different from those in porous water. The flow velocity of fracture-karst water is much faster than the velocity of porous water on an average. Therefore, contaminant transport in fracture-karst water is an absolute advection-dominated problem. The plume of the petroleum contamination may extend to several kilometers from pollution sources. It was not caused by the oil pool floating on the water table but by the oil components dissolved and scattered in groundwater. The distribution of the petroleum contaminants over space are concentrated in the strong conductive zone on the plane. On the vertical section the highest concentration of the oil contaminants appeared in the strata where the contamination sources were located. The concentrations of the oil contaminants in wells changed greatly over time. Therefore, the curves of concentration versus time fluctuated greatly. The reasons are as follows. (a) Fracture-karst water has a very great velocity. (b) Local flow fields which were caused by pumping and stoppage in some wells changed frequently. (c) In fracture-karst aquifer the transport channels are complicated. (d) Residual oil in vadose zone was leached after rainfall. It is of great practical value for the control and remediation of petroleum contamination in fracture-karst aquifer to understand those characteristics.     

二辉橄榄岩中辉石的"水"的测定

本文中作者采用红外光谱方法对雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带拉昂错超基性岩体二辉橄榄岩中的单斜辉石进行了测试研究。结果表明 ,雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带拉昂错岩体二辉橄榄岩中的单斜辉石为透辉石 ;该透辉石中含有一定量的结构水 ;并且 ,其高频带相关的结构OH含量是 1 4 6× 1 0 -6。透辉石成分的这种特殊性 (含有结构OH)恰恰是其特殊的高温高压的幔源生成环境的反映。     

静宁县葫芦河流域农业地质背景探究

通过对葫芦河流域与已知优质苹果产区———五方河流域之间土壤养分、盐量和微量元素的丰缺水平对比研究,证实葫芦河流域新积土无论常量养分、可溶性岩离子含量,还是微量元素含量水平总体高于五方河流域的新积土,土质更优于黄绵土,具备开发为优质果品生产基地的地质条件。为土地资源的利用和生态环境保护提供了新的依据。     

古尔班通古特沙漠土壤养分空间分异与干扰的关系

对干扰条件下古尔班通古特沙漠土壤养分空间分异特征进行了研究。分析土壤养分的变化趋势,及干扰与植被和土壤养分之间的关系。研究表明:沙漠边缘至沙漠腹地,全N、全P和全K含量、EC、总盐,可溶性离子HCO-3、SO2-4及Ca2+呈增加趋势。CO2-3、Mg2+、 Cl-、Na+4种离子含量较低,变化规律不明显。除全K含量随公路里程呈较连续的增加外,其他养分条件在公路里程25—75 km ,80—125 km和大于125 km的范围内的变化趋势都呈现高\?低\?显著增高的波动过程,分析表明这种波动性的变化是由干扰造成的。干扰因子数与生物结皮盖度呈显著负相关,但与植物种类与植物盖度都达到了显著正相关的水平。除与pH值呈正相关外,干扰因子数与土壤养分指标都呈负相关,其中与全K、全P、全N和EC的负相关接近于显著或极显著水平。随公路里程增加,生物结皮呈现从地衣苔藓藻类地衣地衣苔藓的过渡,这与土壤养分条件和干扰因子数相对应。人类活动是导致彩克沙漠公路里程80—125 km范围沙漠土壤养分条件的降低的主要原因,受水源和居住地的影响,该段沙漠人类放牧活动影响的最大范围为里程125—145 km之间。人类在沙漠活动的加强会增加沙漠生态干扰源和干扰强度,最终降低沙漠土壤的养分条件。     

PIV技术及其在风沙边界层研究中的应用

为了考察粒子图像测速度技术在风沙环境风洞中的测量精度及在风沙边界层研究中的应用潜力,通过筛选适当的示踪颗粒,借助PIV测量系统重新测量了风沙环境风洞中的风廓线,并获得了风沙边界层内跃移沙粒的速度和浓度分布规律。实验结果表明：PIV测得的风速廓线与标准风速廓线仪所测结果相当吻合(R2≥0.99);沙粒跃移的平均水平速度和相对浓度（灰度）沿距离沙面高度分别呈幂函数和负指数分布,沙粒速度随高度和自由风速的增加而增大,相对浓度随高度的增加而快速衰减,风速越小衰减越快,风速越大衰减越慢,这一结果与前人的结论一致。PIV系统为将来能够进行更加精确的风沙运动微观机理研究提供了技术保证。     

Heavy Metal Contents in Soft-Bottom Marine Macrophytes and Sediments Along the Mediterranean Coast of Spain

Abstract. Hg, Cd, Pb and Zn concentrations were determined in sediment and in tissues of five species of soft-bottom marine macrophytes ( Posidonia oceanica, Cymodocea nodosa, Zostera noltii, Ruppia cirrhosa and Caulerpa prolifera ) along the Spanish Mediterranean coast. Levels of metals were low in most of the sampling stations and similar to those found by other authors in uncontaminated zones. Certain locations, however, showed some degree of contamination (Cambrils, Almassora, Alacant, Mar Menor and El Portús). In Santa Pola we found high contents of metals in one sample of sediment due to the high proportion of the fine fraction (particules < 63µm) and organic matter, but not in the seagrass species. Mercury and zinc concentrations in the sediment are correlated to those in at least some anatomic fractions of Posidonia oceanica, Cymodocea nodosa and Caulerpa prolifera , suggesting that these species reflect the levels of these metals in the environment. Lead contents in the alga Caulerpa prolifera are also correlated to those in the sediment, while no significant correlations were obtained for cadmium. Among the species studied, Posidonia oceanica and Cymodocea nodosa seem to be better biomonitors than Caulerpa prolifera .     

大亚湾养殖海区沉积物中营养盐的解吸-吸附

研究了天然海水体系大亚湾养殖海区表层沉积物营养盐的解吸 -吸附规律。结果表明 :沉积物中磷酸盐和硅酸盐解吸 2h基本达到平衡 ,而铵盐、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐 0 5h内基本达到平衡 ;各营养盐的解吸随pH值 (小于 8)降低而增大 ,随pH值 (大于 8)升高略有增加 ;盐度仅在低于 1 0时对各营养盐的解吸有影响。研究了磷酸盐在沉积物上的吸附等温线。     

Changes in fossil midge (Chironomidae) assemblages in response to cultural activities in a shallow, polymictic lake

Chironomid (Diptera: Chironomidae) head capsules were studied from a core of recent sediments from shallow, macrophyte-dominated Lake Opinicon, Ontario, Canada, to determine if assemblages have changed in response to lake-level changes and other watershed disturbances, including deforestation and agriculture. Our results indicate that the construction of the Rideau Canal in the early 1830s and subsequent flooding of Lake Opinicon has had the greatest impact on this system, but that even this disturbance did not greatly affect chironomid assemblages. Despite other significant cultural disturbances in the watershed, the lake sediments have recorded only minor changes in its recent history, providing support for the hypothesis of alternative lake equilibria. These results correspond well with diatom inferences of only minor changes in past lake trophic status.     

油层回注含聚合物污水的适应性

通过分析油田聚合物驱产出水处理后聚合物的分子特性以及各组分变化,认为含聚合物污水对油层的主要影响因素是污水中聚合物的含量。由岩心驱替实验结果证明,聚合物浓度不同的污水对具不同渗透率油层的适应性是不同的。建议对不同类型油层的注入水选择适合的聚合物浓度。这一研究成果对聚合物驱后的污水利用以及研究注入油层的水质标准具有可参考的意义。     

风沙流中沙粒随机运动的数值模拟研究

通过对描述沙粒垂向运动速度脉动分量的随机微分方程的直接求解,获得了风沙流中沙粒运动的随机轨迹。结果表明,由于沙粒垂向脉动速度的影响,沙粒的轨迹与不考虑其垂向脉动速度的情形存在明显不同。在此基础上,通过对大量轨迹的统计计算,得到了沙粒浓度的分布规律。