内蒙古托克托地区土壤养分状况评价

选取内蒙古主要产粮基地之一的托克托地区作为研究对象,以多目标地球化学调查获取的1 556个表层土壤样品的测试数据为基础数据,基于多元地学数据空间数据管理与分析系统(GeoExpl)对土壤中有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾含量进行描述统计及空间分布分析,并采用模糊数学和改进的内梅罗指数对区内的土壤养分综合质量进行分级。结果表明：研究区表层土壤养分综合质量中等,土壤养分因子的含量水平为全钾＞全磷＞有机质＞全氮,磷元素和钾元素是土壤养分的主要贡献因子,氮元素为土壤养分的最主要限制性因子;从养分因子的空间分布状况看,研究区北部及西北部的土壤养分状况较好。在此基础上,根据土壤养分综合质量、地形及地表状况对研究区进行了简单的农业分区规划,认为研究区西北部的平原区为主要的农业生产区。     

东部沙区表土有机质和速效养分与风沙环境关系初探

东部沙区表土有机质、速效养分含量普遍较低。按照库布齐沙漠、毛乌素沙地、浑善达克沙地、科尔沁沙地和呼伦贝尔沙地的次序,有机质和速效K含量逐渐增大,这种分布格局与区域风沙环境性质、风沙活动方式密切相关;各沙漠/沙地内部,表土有机质和速效K含量分别与植被盖度、颗粒平均粒径、分选系数之间存在较好的相关性。速效N和速效P含量未表现出上述变化规律。可见有机质和速效K含量对风沙环境的变化较为敏感,因而其在表土中的再分配可以在一定程度上反映局地风沙环境的变化,而速效N和速效P对风沙环境的指示意义不明显。东部沙区表土有机质、速效N及速效P含量普遍高于西部沙区,而速效K含量明显偏低。     

古尔班通古特沙漠典型灌木群落土壤化学计量特征及其影响因素

对古尔班通古特沙漠3种典型灌木群落77个样地的0～10 cm层土壤及环境因子进行调查取样,分析了土壤有机碳（C）、全氮（N）、全磷（P）及全钾（K）的化学计量特征及其影响因素。结果表明：土壤C、N、P、K含量均值分别为1.057、0.133、0.319、14.11 g·kg^-1,C∶N、C∶P、C∶K、N∶P、N∶K、P∶K值分别为8.124、3.486、0.099、0.434、0.013、0.034。本研究土壤C、N、P养分元素含量及其化学计量比均远低于全球及全国平均水平。C∶N和P含量具有较高的稳定性（CV=19.26%和22.46%）,而K、C∶K、N∶K和P∶K变异性较强（CV=52.17%～80.30%）。土壤化学计量特征在不同群落类型间、不同结皮类型间均有一定差异。C-N、C-K、P-K之间以及土壤养分与其化学计量比之间具有显著的非线性耦合关系,可用二次函数、幂函数或指数函数等非线性函数表征。相关性分析和CCA排序分析表明,除C∶N不受所调查环境因子影响外,土壤化学计量特征主要受经度、纬度、年降水量、生物结皮发育等级、电导率及海拔的影响。     

灌水量对土壤水肥分布与春小麦水分利用效率的影响

通过对春小麦不同灌水量土壤剖面水分和可溶性养分分布、农田实际蒸散量、作物水分利用效率及生物指标等的测定与计算,对沙坡头层次性土壤种植春小麦最适宜灌水量进行了研究。结果表明:(1)在春小麦拔节期及扬花期,以500 m³·hm^-2、750 m³·hm^-2及1 000 m³·hm^-2水量灌溉,土壤剖面30~100 cm深度土壤含水量随灌水量的增加而明显增加。(2)拔节期3个灌溉水平土壤剖面可溶性养分含量分布的峰值均出现在 0~20 cm土层,但其浓度的下移随灌水量的增加而降低;扬花期土壤剖面可溶性养分含量的峰值随灌水量的增加而下移。在灌水量为500 m³·hm^-2时可溶性养分浓度最高。(3)作物耗水量和农田实际蒸散量均随灌水量的增加而增加,春小麦的水分利用效率则随灌水量的增加而降低,与灌水量为500 m³·hm^-2相比,灌水量为750 m³·hm^-2及1 000 m³·hm^-2时籽粒水分利用率分别降低83.33%和147.50%。可见,在该土壤上种植春小麦的最适宜灌水量为500 m³·hm^-2,灌水量可保持在土壤田间持水量40%左右。     

黄土丘陵小流域土地利用格局对径流与土壤养分流失的影响--土壤侵蚀控制的意义

Serious soil erosion is one of the major issues threatening sustainable land use in semiarid areas, especially in the Loess Plateau of China. Understanding the effects of land use on soil and water loss is important for sustainable land use strategy. Two sub-catchments: catchment A (CA) and catchment B (CB) with distinct land uses were selected to measure soil moisture, runoff and soil nutrient loss in Da Nangou catchment of the Loess Plateau of China. The effects of land use patterns on runoff and nutrient losses were analyzed based on soil moisture pattern by kriging and soil nutrients using multiple regression model. The results indicated that there were significant differences in runoff yield and soil nutrient losses between the two sub-catchments. With similar land uses, the CA produced an average sediment yield of 49 kg ha-1 and 22.27 kg ha-1 during two storm events.Meanwhile, there was almost no runoff in the CB with dissimilar land uses during the same events.Buffer zones should be established to re-absorb runoff and to trap sediments in catchment with similar land use structure such as the CA. Moreover, land use management strategy aiming to increase the infiltration threshold of hydrological response units could decrease the frequency of runoff occurrence on a slope and catchment scale.     

青藏铁路沿线高寒草甸植物群落特征对人为干扰梯度的响应——以风火山高山嵩草草甸为例

选择风火山地区受到人为干扰的高寒草甸,对处于不同干扰梯度的高寒草甸植物群落,用样带法进行调查.共调查5条样带,50个样方.统计植物的科属组成,计测其群落盖度、频度指标以及物种丰富度指数、多样性指数及均匀度指数等.对不同干扰梯度上的植物群落结构及其物种组成特点进行分析,结果表明:青藏铁路沿线的高寒草甸随着人为干扰的强度的增加,植物群落的科、属、种组成趋向单一;群落中起显著作用的物种趋向是高山嵩草→高山嵩草和矮嵩草→早熟禾和扇穗茅→早熟禾→羊茅和早熟禾;按照植物种群的重要值对干扰梯度的响应,该地区植物种群可被划分为3类响应模式,即忍耐型种、敏感型种和扩展型种.随着干扰强度的增加,物种丰富度指数和物种多样性随着干扰增加而降低.干扰梯度与有机质含量、全氮、水解氮、全磷、速效磷均呈显著相关,但是与全钾和速效钾相关关系不明显.     

Impacts of milkfish (Chanos chanos) aquaculture on carbon and nutrient fluxes in the Bolinao area,Philippines

Sediment oxygen consumption, TCO2 production and nutrient fluxes across the sediment-water interface were measured in sediments within and along a transect from four fish pens with production of milkfish (Chanos chanos) in the Bolinao area, The Philippines. The four fish pens were each representing a specific period in the production cycling. There was a positive linear relationship between the rates of sedimentation inside the fish pens and the sediment oxygen consumption indicating that the benthic processes were controlled by the input of organic matter from fish production. The nutrient fluxes were generally higher inside the fish pens, and nitrate was taken up (1.7-5.8 mmol m(-2) d(-1)) whereas ammonium (1-22 mmol m(-2) d(-1)) and phosphate (0.2-4.7 mmol m(-2) d(-1)) were released from the sediments. The sediments were enriched in organic matter with up to a factor 4 compared to outside. A mass balance for one crop of milkfish was constructed based on production data and on measured fluxes of nutrients in the fish pens to assess the loss of carbon and nutrients to the environment. There was a loss to the surroundings of carbon and nitrogen of 51-68% of the total input, whereas phosphorus was buried in the sediments inside the fish pens which acted as net sinks of phosphorus. The results obtained suggest that fish pen culture as practiced in the Bolinao area, leads to even greater impacts on benthic carbon and nutrient cycling than those found in suspended cage cultures.     

长江中游若干湖泊水生植物体内C、N、P及δ^13C分布

本文就长江中游9个湖泊10种水生植物的C、N、P和稳定C同位素进行了测定,水生植物C元素的平均含量为33.2±5.46%,N、P分别为1.58±0.90%和0.30±0.13%,δ13C组成变化在-27.91‰～-17.16‰之间.从水生植物的生长区域来看,叶子中的C、N和δ13C值与其所处的水环境有密切的关系.对于沉水植物,由于受到无机碳的限制,其叶子中C和N含量显著低于挺水植物及浮水植物;而同时由于水体中无机碳δ13C组成较高,使得沉水植物叶子的δ13C大于挺水植物和浮水植物.     

Phosphorus and dissolved silicon dynamics in the River Swale catchment,UK: a mass‐balance approach

The internal riverine processes acting upon phosphorus and dissolved silicon were investigated along a 55 km stretch of the River Swale during four monitoring campaigns. Samples of river water were taken at 3 h intervals at sites on the main river and the three major tributaries. Samples were analysed for soluble reactive phosphorus, total dissolved phosphorus, total phosphorus, dissolved silicon and suspended solid concentration. Mass‐balances for each determinand were calculated by comparing the total load entering the river with the total load measured at the downstream site. The difference, i.e. the residual load, showed that there was a large retention of phosphorus and silicon within the system during the March 1998 flood event, but the other three campaigns produced net‐exports. Cumulative residual loads were calculated for each determinand at 6 h intervals throughout each campaign. This incremental approach showed that the mass‐balance residuals followed relatively consistent patterns under various river discharges. During stable low‐flow, there was a retention of particulate phosphorus within the system and also a retention of total dissolved phosphorus and soluble reactive phosphorus, most likely caused by the sorption of soluble phosphorus by bed‐sediments. In times of high river‐discharge, there was a mobilization and export of stored bed‐sediment phosphorus. During overbank flooding, there was a large retention (58% of total input) of particulate phosphorus within the system, due to the mass deposition of phosphorus‐rich sediment onto the floodplain. Soluble phosphorus was also retained within the system by sequestration from the water column by the high concentration of suspended solids. The dissolved silicon mass‐balance residuals had a less consistent pattern in relation to river discharge. There was a large retention of dissolved silicon during overbank flooding, possibly due to sorption onto floodplain soil, and net‐exports during periods of both stable low‐flow and rising limbs of hydrographs, due to release of dissolved silicon from pore‐waters. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Variations of nutrient element contents of plants and soils in the process of karst rocky desertification

The present research on karst rocky desertification is mainly focused on qualitative analysis and obviously lack of quantitative and successive mechanism studies. Currently, classification of rocky desertification grades mainly depends on ratio of rocky coverage or ratio of plant and soil coverage. The process of rocky desertification was divided into latent, slight, medium and serious grades without mention of soil degradation. The Cha＇eryan catchment in the Huajiang Gorge of Guizhou Province was selected as the research area in this paper. Soil basic physical characteristics, nutrient element contents of soil and plant were studied in the process of rocky desertification. The karst soil characteristics elucidated that the clay content was high, the contents of soil organic matter, nutrient element （except potassium and sodium）, available contents of elements （except of potassium） were also high; ashes of plants were rich in calcium and nitrogen, and poor in iron, zinc, potassium and phosphorus. Meanwhile, the contents of plant ashes showed a significant positive relationship with calcium content of plant. There were no clear relations between soil degradation and succession of rocky desertification according to current classification standard. Soil particle size distribution, specific gravity, soil organic matter content, total and available nutrient element contents did not vary with the succession of rocky desertification.