Coastal Precipitation Regimes in Kenya

Kenya is under the influence of the seasonal reversal of the Indian ocean monsoons. However, its coastal belt, up to about 50 km inland, exhibits original climatic features. Hierarchical clustering of mean monthly rainfall for a large number of stations, particularly in the south-eastern region, strongly differentiate a maritime climate characterised by enhanced and delayed "long rains" and no dry season in the northern summer. Most of these rains fall at night or in the morning. Using daily rainfall data and twice-daily surface and upper-air wind observations, monsoon-breeze interactions and their role on April–August coastal precipitation are assessed. Rain spells common to the whole Kenya coast are associated to a slight weakening of the sea breeze, a strong easterly or south-easterly wind anomaly over most of Kenya at around 850–700 hPa, and sea surface temperatures greater than air temperatures.     

Scenarios of Future Climate Change: Effects on Frost Occurrence and Severity in the Maritime Uplands of Northern England

Changes in annual frost frequency and annual frost accumulation associated with a variety of temperature change scenarios are mapped for northern England. Estimates of future changes are obtained through application of analytical theory to convert predictions of mean daily minimum temperatures and their inter-diurnal variability to accumulated frost degrees and frost frequency. The baseline climate is provided by regression analysis of surface data involving up to ten terrain variables. Future scenarios include warm and cold analogues, maritime and continental airflow scenarios, arbitrary warming and two general circulation model (GCM) simulations: UKHI (United Kingdom Meteorological Office High Resolution GCM Equilibrium Experiment) and GISS (Goddard Institute for Space Studies). Considerable contrasts emerge between scenarios, with substantial reductions in frost frequency and accumulation in the two GCM 2 *CO₂ simulations. This is to be expected in a maritime area where small changes in temperature have a large influence on parameters involving threshold temperatures. Increases in frost occur under the continental airflow scenario. Changes in frost do not necessarily complement those in accumulated warmth, and therefore indices combining possible changes in warmth and frost are helpful.     

海洋中氮营养盐循环及其模型研究

对某一海区营养盐的去向、不同形态间的相互转化及其与生物相关的过程的研究是研究整个海洋生态系统的基础和关键。氮是海洋环境中主要的营养元素之一,并被认为是大部分海区的限制营养元素。人们对于氮在海洋环境中的循环过程的研究随着分析方法及对化学和生物知识的掌握和理解而不断加深。模型研究是研究海洋生态系统的一个有效方法,营养盐循环模型是其中重要的环节,随着理论和观测数据的补充而不断发展。综述了海洋环境中氮营养盐循环主要过程的实验研究,主要包括:浮游植物的吸收、氮的再生、微生物在其循环中的作用、不同形态氮的化学转化、水体-沉积物界面等,及其相关过程近十年来模型化研究的进展。     

Nutrient Fluxes through the Taiwan Strait in Spring and Summer 1999

Transports of water and nutrients (N and P) through the Taiwan Strait were calculated using chemical hydrography and currents observed in May and August 1999. The surveys were conducted along a transect across the strait in the middle section. The velocity fields were determined by phase-averaging currents measured using shipboard Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) on two repeats, which were separated by 1.5 cycles of the dominant M₂ tide. Nutrient distributions were also derived from phase-averaged data. The volume transports determined from the two surveys were similar (2.0 Sv and 2.2 Sv, respectively). By contrast, the nutrient fluxes obtained in August (1.82 kmol N/s and 0.34 kmol P/s) were significantly higher than those in May (0.96 kmol N/s and 0.16 kmol P/s), apparently due to coastal upwelling under southwest monsoon in summer. The rather low N/P ratios (6.0 and 5.4 by atoms) of the nutrient fluxes were attributed to the widespread N-deficiency in the upper water column of the North Pacific. The nutrient fluxes were fed mainly through a meridional deep channel off southwest Taiwan. The nutrient contributions from the Taiwan Strait to the East China Sea in spring and summer are comparable to the total riverine contributions from the Changjiang (also know as the Yangtze River) and other smaller rivers for nitrogen, but 8–17 times larger than the latter for phosphate. Therefore, the Taiwan Strait inflow may serve as an important supplement for the P-limiting condition in the huge coastal plume in the East China Sea.     

Open Ocean Originated Phosphorus and Nitrogen in the Seto Inland Sea,Japan

The ratios of phosphorus and nitrogen originating from land and the open ocean in the Seto Inland Sea, which is the largest semi-enclosed coastal sea in Japan, have been estimated from data on total phosphorus and nitrogen loads and observed concentrations of total phosphorus and nitrogen. The ratios of land-origin and open-ocean-origin total phosphorus and nitrogen in the Seto Inland Sea are 0.28:0.72 and 0.19:0.81, respectively.     

防城湾水质特征及营养状况趋势研究

根据1983—1984年度、1990年度及1996——1997年度3个不同时期的调查研究资料，分析研究了防城湾的水质特征及其营养状况。结果表明：该湾水体中的盐度、pH呈明显下降趋势，而有机污染物含量则呈上升趋势，其余因子无明显规律性变化；但相关分析显示，陆源输入对各化学因子具有主导控制作用，生物同化作用次之。N、P、Si营养盐中，N为1983—1984年度初级生产力的限制因子：1990年度演化为P和Si;1996—1997年度N、P、Si均呈充足状态，尤以Si最为显著。通过污染指数A及营养状态指数E的统计分析，该湾水质具有向污染型及富营养型演化的明显趋势。     

台湾海峡西部海域营养盐时空变化与水文及生物因子的关系

本文报道了1984年5月至1985年2月台湾海峡西部海域(22°19′—27°25′N,116°30′—121°E)活性硅酸盐、磷酸盐和三氮总含量的平面、断面、垂直分布和季节变化及其与沿岸径流和海峡中不同水系的消长、上升流、浮游植物的关系,以及各营养盐之间及其与盐度的相关性。     

胶州湾营养盐限制的上行效应研究

在许多水体生态系统中，浮游植物的生长受到营养盐可利用性的调控(Howarth，1988)。在一定的浓度范围内，营养盐对浮游植物的生长有促进作用，但如果营养盐浓度过低，则会对浮游植物的生长产生限制作用，过高则有毒理作用。 由于人类活动的影响，导致大量富含N、P的工业与生活污水排放入海水中，造成沿岸海水的富营养化。营养盐本底含量的增加对沿岸海水中浮游植物群落的组成影响巨大(Durate，1995)。Pedersen等(1996)指出，在沿岸海洋生态系统中，富营养化的结果会促进生长快速、生活周期短的藻类的丰度与生产力迅速增加，而生长缓慢的藻类由于在竞争中处于劣势，其丰度则可能下降。 在海洋生态系统中，用瓶子培养实验和化学计量法所得出的营养盐限制结论经常出现差异。溶解营养盐的浓度被最早用来指示营养盐的限制性，这些主要基于一些负的实验证据，例如，当磷酸盐仍然可测时，溶解硝酸盐已经检测不到 (Nixon et al.，1983)，暗示N可能比P更限制浮游植物的生长。但是在营养盐浓度无法检测得到的情况下，仍然有许多浮游植物种类对N、P有很高的亲和能力，因此藻的生长并未受到营养盐的限制。本实验应用是瓶子培养实验，该方法的优点是现场操作，光照和温度条件与现场基本一致，通过生物方法来反应营养盐的限制作用，结果可信度较高。本论文研究的目的是观察胶州湾浮游植物对营养盐添加的响应效果，以期对胶州湾营养盐限制研究提供有价值的科学信息。     

南日岛海域溶解态Cu、Pb、Cd含量及其与营养盐的关系

本文首次报道了福建南日岛海域溶解态Cu、PB、Cd的含量，探讨了它们与营养盐的关系。1990年5月溶解态Cu、Pb、Cd的平均含量分别为0．84、0．230、0．023μg／dm3；1990年10月分别为0. 78、0．290、0. 033μg／dm3。其5月溶解态Cu与无机氮N（NO3-＋NO2-＋NH4 ）线性回归的相关式为Cu（μg／dm3）＝-0. 789＋0．328N（μmol／dm3），相关系数r＝0．853，原子比△Cu：△N＝5．17×10－3：1。