潮白河再生水补给河道对周边浅层地下水影响的数值模拟研究

再生水在北京被广泛用于补给河道,2007年底至2017年共有2.3×108 m3再生水补给至潮白河顺义段。其污染物本底值较高（Cl−浓度约62~122 mg/L）,通过河床入渗补给到周边的含水层中,对周边地下水产生一定影响,尤其是浅层地下水。为了定量评价再生水补给河道对周边浅层地下水的影响,基于10年（2007—2017）的地下水监测数据,建立了再生水补给河道周边的地下水水流和溶质运移模型,模拟了受水区浅层地下水的水位和Cl−浓度的变化,分析了浅层地下水水量、Cl−负荷和NO3-N负荷的变化。结果表明,再生水补给河道后的前2年（2007—2009）,河道周边浅层地下水水位迅速抬升了3~4 m,之后在再生水的持续补给下保持稳定。但受深层地下水开采影响,2007—2014年研究区整体浅层地下水的水量仍在下降。2014年底实施地下水压采措施后,浅层地下水水量从2014年底的3.76×108 m3恢复到了2017年底的3.85×108 m3。周边浅层地下水中的Cl−浓度从再生水补给前的5~75 mg/L变化到了补给后的50~130 mg/L,之后保持稳定。浅层地下水水质受再生水影响的范围从2008年底的11.7 km2扩大到2017年的26.7 km2,影响区内的Cl−负荷从2008年底的1.8×103 t增加到2017年底的3.8×103 t,NO3-N负荷从2008年的29.8 t下降到2017年的11.9 t。尽管研究显示影响范围外的浅层地下水质受再生水影响不明显,但潜在的咸化和污染的隐患不容忽视,需要在后续研究中进一步明确。     

边界层过程对"98·7"长江流域暴雨预报影响的数值试验研究

通过ETA模式对"98@7"长江流域暴雨过程的数值试验研究,讨论了行星边界层过程对暴雨数值预报的影响,结果表明边界层过程在这次暴雨预报中有重要作用.具体结论为:(1)降水大范围落区是受大尺度流场所决定的,但边界层过程对暴雨预报具有重要的作用;(2)不考虑边界层过程会影响对天气系统的正确预报,包括影响大气低层的运动场、水汽及大气不稳定度,从而影响暴雨的预报;(3)从时间层次上看,由于地表通量有着显著的日变化,边界层过程的作用不仅与暴雨本身发生发展及消亡的阶段有关,也与各阶段的时间(白天或夜间)有联系;(4)在空间范围内,边界层过程对大气的影响是通过大气流场重新分布来影响降水的环境条件,故地表通量分布和低层流场的相互配置作用十分重要.长江南北的情况有所不同,长江流域南侧区是地表通量的大值区,也是长江流域雨区水汽和不稳定能量的源区,它对长江流域的暴雨可能有着更为重要的作用.     

实时修复双频原始载波相位观测值周跳的虚拟值探测法

利用各频率观测值间物理上的相关性,采用数学变换得到一个含有双频原始载波观测信息的虚拟观测值,与双频数据按长波长特性进行多频组合来放大周跳。对探测出的周跳候选值利用Melbourne-Wubbena组合及多项式拟合作为两个判别条件来进行甄选,达到了实时修复双频原始载波相位观测值周跳的目的。     

大倾角煤层分层综采再生顶板破断规律研究

针对大倾角厚软煤层下分层安全综采问题,结合淮南矿区潘北煤矿1212（3）大倾角厚软煤层分层综采下分层工作面地质与工程条件,综合运用基于数字散斑、声发射监测与分布式光纤传感技术的物理模拟试验、基于煤系地层赋存禀赋建模技术的数值模拟试验相结合的研究手段,开展了下分层开采再生顶板破断倾向分区演化、再生岩体变形声发射能量与光纤应变响应规律及应力分布特征研究。结果表明：再生顶板破断由其破断岩块滑移、低中位悬臂梁和高位铰接岩梁断裂组成,双梁破断是引起下分层支架失稳的关键所在。下分层中上部双梁破断声发射能量呈高度聚集且持续时间短,光纤感知低位悬臂梁破断且中上部光纤应变峰值高,下分层中上部是支架与再生顶板稳定性控制的重点区域。下分层下部再生顶板破断岩块充填密实且粒径小,是架间与架前岩块漏冒多发区域。下分层再生顶板中形成高应力组成的应力拱,距采空区高度约30 m,双梁破断主要发生在拱内,拱中岩体破断对支架具有一定的冲垮作用。     

A one‐dimensional process‐based approach to study reservoir sediment dynamics during management operations

A comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of erosion and sedimentation in reservoirs under different management conditions is required to anticipate sedimentation issues and implement effective sediment management strategies. This paper describes a unique approach combining fluvial geomorphology tools and morphodynamic modeling for analyzing the sediment dynamics of an elongated hydropower reservoir subjected to management operations: the Génissiat Reservoir on the Rhône River. Functional sub‐reaches representative of the reservoir morphodynamics were delineated by adapting natural river segmentation methods to elongated reservoirs. The segmentation revealed the link between the spatial and temporal reservoir changes and the variability of longitudinal flow conditions during reservoir management operations. An innovative modeling strategy, incorporating the reservoir segmentation into two sediment transport codes, was implemented to simulate the dynamics of erosion and sedimentation at the reach scale during historic events. One code used a bedload approach, based on the Exner equation with a transport capacity formula, and the other used a suspended load approach based on the advection–dispersion equation. This strategy provided a fair quantification of the dynamics of erosion and sedimentation at the reach scale during different management operations. This study showed that the reservoir morphodynamics is controlled by bedload transport in upper reaches, graded suspended load transport of sand in middle reaches and suspended load transport of fine sediments in lower reaches. Eventually, it allowed a better understanding of the impact of dam management on sediment dynamics. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Direct numerical simulation of flow over a slotted cylinder at low Reynolds number

Direct numerical simulation was conducted to investigate the flow past a slotted cylinder at low Reynolds number (Re) of 100. The slotting of cylinder affects the boundary layer separation, vortex formation position, recirculation region length and wake width, which are determined by the type of slit. The streamwise slit (SS1), T-shaped slit (SS3) and Y-shaped slit (SS4) act as passive jets, while the transverse slit (SS2) achieves an alternate self-organized boundary layer suction and blowing. The flow rate in slits fluctuates over time due to the alternate vortex shedding and fluctuating pressure distribution around the cylinder surface. One fluctuation cycle of flow rate is caused by a pair of vortices shedding for SS2, SS3 and SS4, while it is created by each vortex shedding for SS1. The wall shear stress and flow impact on the slit wall partly contribute to the hydrodynamic forces acting on the slotted cylinder. Taking into account the internal wall of slit, the transverse slit plays the best role in suppressing the fluid forces with drag reduction of 1.7% and lift reduction of 17%.     

西南印度洋中脊斜向扩张分段特征及构造成因探讨

斜向扩张是超慢速扩张洋中脊独特的构造特征,其地形分段特征明显区别于经典的快速-慢速端元洋中脊模型,是理解超慢速扩张洋中脊地质过程的重要切入点.基于西南印度洋中脊Indomed-Gallieni和Shaka-DuToit段多波束地形数据,分析了不同斜向扩张角度(α)洋中脊的地形分段样式.其中,46.5°～47.5°E(α...     

上海黏性土剪切带形成的数值模拟分析

各种工程事故表明：现有的土力学计算模型均未考虑应变局部化问题,故不能解释这些工程事故的发生,因此应变局部化和剪切带形成的研究成为国际土力学界研究热点之一。数值模拟是研究剪切带形成的一个重要内容。在数值模拟中首先进行剪切带形成条件的研究,接着考虑土质不均匀性的影响,引入弱单元和强单元,进行弱单元与强单元影响力的研究。     

北京稳定天气条件下城市边界层环流特征数值研究

采用科罗拉多大学和MRC／ASTER共同开发的区域大气模拟系统（RAMS）对北京地区稳定天气条件下的个例进行数值模拟,通过对数值模拟结果与观测事实的比较以及敏感性试验,分析了北京城市边界层环流特征和环流影响因子在环流发展过程中的作用。结果表明：①在山谷风环流和热岛环流相互作用下形成了北京城市边界层流场特有的局地环流。②热岛中心在决定边界层环流的辐合区位置上起相对较大的作用,边界层环流的强度和发展高度由山谷风强度和热岛强度共同决定。     

Some theoretical problems of the planetary-scale monsoons

Summary Some important theoretical problems of the planetary-scale monsoons which have arisen from recent advances of observational studies are reviewed. These include: (1) the requirement of a strong damping mechanism in the planetary scale vorticity budget of summer monsoon and a similar but weaker requirement for the winter monsoon; (2) the localized barotropic instability of the summer monsoon which is a result of the strong zonal asymmetry of the planetary-scale flow and causes significant nonlinear energy conversions; and (3) the oscillations of the planetary-scale monsoons. It is pointed out that these problems are inter-related and their understanding is also important for the proper simulation of other scales of motion of the monsoon circulation.