一种新的长距离跨海GPS高程传递方法

基于"移去-恢复"原理,借助GPS天文水准理论,本文提出了一种新的GPS高程传递方法。首先,通过重力场模型移去高程异常中的低频部分,使其剩余部分趋于平缓;其次,通过二次曲面拟合,获取残余面的形状和夹角偏差,并计算大陆侧和岛屿侧点间剩余高程异常差;最后,获取两点间正常高差。试验表明,该方法可获得三等水准测量的高程传递精度,对跨海高程传递具有借鉴作用。     

A bevy of area-preserving transforms for map projection designers

ABSTRACT

Sometimes map projection designers need to create equal-area projections to best fill the projections’ purposes. However, unlike for conformal projections, few transformations have been described that can be applied to equal-area projections to develop new equal-area projections. Here, I survey area-preserving transformations, giving examples of their applications and proposing an efficient way of deploying an equal-area system for raster-based Web mapping. Together, these transformations provide a toolbox for the map projection designer working in the area-preserving domain.     

基于Web Mercator投影的几何精校正及精度分析

Google Earth遥感影像图具有直观、免费、时效性强等特点,已逐渐应用于工程领域。分析了几何精校正的原理和方法;探讨了Web Mercator投影以及ArcGIS、ENVI用于GE遥感影像精校正的具体实施步骤和精度,以期为GE用于工程实践提供思路与方法。     

栅格数据等差分纬线多圆锥投影变换研究与实现

用户制作世界地图时,需要把拍摄的全球栅格数据投影转换到等差分纬线多圆锥投影坐标参考系下,用来和矢量数据叠加。文中导出了投影的正反解变换公式,并对变换公式的参数建立求解模型、采集参考点、纠偏参考点,然后采用3次多项式拟合求解出变换参数。栅格数据经过导入、配准、设置参考系信息后,采用投影正反解变换方法逐个像素进行投影变换,最终产生了一个等差分纬线多圆锥投影坐标参考系下的栅格数据。把拍摄的全球高清影像投影变换后作底图,并和矢量数据叠加制作地图,在我国地图出版、打印、展示方面有很多应用。     

不同国家坐标系下子午线收敛角计算公式及其精度分析

介绍了子午线收敛角的概念和计算公式,并用C＋＋语言对高斯坐标正反算和子午线收敛角的计算公式进行了编译,提高了计算效率。选取徐州地区14个点进行试算,发现1954国家大地坐标系和1980国家大地坐标系在徐州地区可以互用收敛角计算公式,其误差对于高精度工程测量可以忽略不计。但是,通过运用误差传播定律对子午线收敛角公式分析发现,对于投影带边缘、纬度较高的地区计算子午线收敛角时,要区分使用。     

The analysis and application of simplified two-parameter moveout equation for C-waves in VTI anisotropy media

Several parameters are needed to describe the converted-wave （C-wave） moveout in processing multi-component seismic data, because of asymmetric raypaths and anisotropy. As the number of parameters increases, the converted wave data processing and analysis becomes more complex. This paper develops a new moveout equation with two parameters for C-waves in vertical transverse isotropy （VTI） media. The two parameters are the C-wave stacking velocity （Vc2） and the squared velocity ratio （7v,i） between the horizontal P-wave velocity and C-wave stacking velocity. The new equation has fewer parameters, but retains the same applicability as previous ones. The applicability of the new equation and the accuracy of the parameter estimation are checked using model and real data. The form of the new equation is the same as that for layered isotropic media. The new equation can simplify the procedure for C-wave processing and parameter estimation in VTI media, and can be applied to real C-wave processing and interpretation. Accurate Vc2 and Yvti can be deduced from C-wave data alone using the double-scanning method, and the velocity ratio model is suitable for event matching between P- and C-wave data.     

The Changing Electoral Landscape of the Western United States

The Western periphery constitutes one of the primary electoral sections of the United States in presidential history. The Western periphery, although at times volatile, emerged as a Republican stronghold beginning with Dwight Eisenhower's regional electoral sweeps in the 1950s. This electoral epoch of Republican popularity in the West has been referred to as the new Western normal vote. Despite long-sustained presidential successes, since the 1988 presidential election, Democratic presidential candidates have been able to win certain states in the Republican-dominated region. This research examines the historical dynamics of Republican support in the West by identifying shifts in voting behavior between past and present epochs. We attempt to explain recent changes by exploring the historical character of the West, its demographic dynamics, and the recent turbulence within the Republican Party. County-level election returns from 1952 to 2016 are used, along with traditional and folded T-mode factor analysis, spatial regression modeling, and cartographic analysis. We conclude that the region's normal vote is deteriorating, a new electoral pattern is emerging, and these developments correspond with increasing volatility within the Republican Party.     

Carbon emissions trends with optimal balanced economic growth of China and the USA and some abatement options for China

It is believed that the global CO2 emissions have to begin dropping in the near fu- ture to limit the temperature increase within 2 degrees by 2100. So it is of great concern to environmentalists and national decision-makers to know how the global or national CO2 emissions would trend. This paper presented an approach to project the future CO2 emissions from the perspective of optimal economic growth, and applied this model to the cases of China and the United States, whose CO2 emissions together contributed to more than 40% of the global emissions. The projection results under the balanced and optimal economic growth path reveal that the CO2 emissions will peak in 2029 for China and 2024 for the USA owing to their empirically implied pace of energy efficiency improvement. Moreover, some abatement options are analyzed for China, which indicate that 1） putting up the energy price will de- crease the emissions at a high cost; 2） enhancing the decline rate of energy intensity can significantly mitigate the emissions with a modest cost; and 3） the energy substitution policy of replacing carbon intensive energies with clean ones has considerable potential to alleviate emissions without compromising the economic development.     

On a magneto-poro-thermoelastic medium under the influence of the Seebeck effect

In this study, the poro-thermoelastic problem with the effect of the magnetic field and Seebeck parameter was investigated. Modified Ohm's law that includes effects of the temperature gradient (Seebeck effect) and charge density, as well as generalized Fourier's law with current density, is introduced. We applied normal mode analysis to solve the resulting nondimensional coupled equations and then investigated the effects that nondimensional displacements, temperature distribution, excess pore water pressure, stresses, and induced magnetic field exerted on the poro-thermoelastic half-space medium. Numerical analyses are given graphically on the square (2D) and cubic (3D) domains to illustrate the effects of the porosity parameter, magnetic field, and Seebeck parameter on the physical variables.