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971.
A new method for computing rigorous upper bounds on the limit loads for one‐, two‐ and three‐dimensional continua is described. The formulation is based on linear finite elements, permits kinematically admissible velocity discontinuities at all interelement boundaries, and furnishes a kinematically admissible velocity field by solving a non‐linear programming problem. In the latter, the objective function corresponds to the dissipated power (which is minimized) and the unknowns are subject to linear equality constraints as well as linear and non‐linear inequality constraints. Provided the yield surface is convex, the optimization problem generated by the upper bound method is also convex and can be solved efficiently by applying a two‐stage, quasi‐Newton scheme to the corresponding Kuhn–Tucker optimality conditions. A key advantage of this strategy is that its iteration count is largely independent of the mesh size. Since the formulation permits non‐linear constraints on the unknowns, no linearization of the yield surface is necessary and the modelling of three‐dimensional geometries presents no special difficulties. The utility of the proposed upper bound method is illustrated by applying it to a number of two‐ and three‐dimensional boundary value problems. For a variety of two‐dimensional cases, the new scheme is up to two orders of magnitude faster than an equivalent linear programming scheme which uses yield surface linearization. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
972.
张秋文 《大地测量与地球动力学》1994,(4)
本文在研究长江三峡及邻区地壳─上地幔结构和现今地壳重力场基础上,分析了该区板内中强地震的孕震动力学过程,探讨了整体上相对稳定的长江三峡及邻区孕育和发生中强地震的动力学机制,并提出了该区板内中强地震预测的动力学标志。 相似文献
973.
Remote sensing technique has played an important role in land use dynamic monitoring, but as for the land use dynamic monitoring
at county level, traditional remote sensing methods such as satellite imagery visual interpretation and computer classification
can not meet its demand for accuracy. The result of 1: 10 000 land use investigation map has high accuracy, but this method
can not be used to dynamically monitor the land use because of its big expenses, long period and difficulty in updating data.
In this paper, the characteristics of physiognomy, climate and the status of land use in Dehui County are taken into consideration
and a set of method, which takes use of 3S techniques and applies to Northeast China Plain, is come up with. When the land
use type of a land parcel changed as a whole, the date updating can be make by changing its land type ID in the attribute
table in a GIS. When the land use type of an irregular area changed, GPS receivers are used to position its border. This set
of method is characteristic of high accuracy and low expenses. It gets the information of land use change timely and can be
used to dynamically monitor the land use.
Foundation item: Under the auspices of the key project of the National Ninth Five-year Plan (96-B02-01-07).
Biography: LI Lin-yi (1968 —), female, a native of Jilin, Ph. D. candidate of Changchun Institute of Geography, the Chinese
Academy of Sciences. Her research interest includes land use change monitoring and crop yield estimation using “3S” techniques. 相似文献
974.
On the basis of scaling analysis,this paper presents a frontal geostrophic dynamic system which canbe used to describe the dynamics of an isolated bottom eddy and shows that five possible dynamicsubregimes are included in the system.A particle-in-cell method is used to investigate the behavior of the eddy in the two dynamic subregimes,with 1)nonlinear effect(ε)relevant to the sloping bottom-inducedbeta effect(β_1)and 2)seamount-induced beta effect(β_2)dominant.In the dynamic subregime of β_1~ ε~10~(-2)and β_2=0,the eddy can keep as a whole for a long time and migrates for a long distance.Inthe dynamic subregime where the seamount-induced beta effect (β_2~10~(-1))is dominant,the seamounttraps the water particles,causing the eddy to break up into a discrete set of eddies moving around the seamount. 相似文献
975.
The topographically explicit distributed hydrology–soil–vegetation model (DHSVM) is used to simulate hydrological effects of changes in land cover for four catchments, ranging from 27 to 1033 km2, within the Columbia River basin. Surface fluxes (stream flow and evapotranspiration) and state variables (soil moisture and snow water equivalent) corresponding to historical (1900) and current (1990) vegetation are compared. In addition a sensitivity analysis, where the catchments are covered entirely by conifers at different maturity stages, was conducted. In general, lower leaf‐area index (LAI) resulted in higher snow water equivalent, more stream flow and less evapotranspiration. Comparisons with the macroscale variable infiltration capacity (VIC) model, which parameterizes, rather than explicitly represents, topographic effects, show that runoff predicted by DHSVM is more sensitive to land‐cover changes than is runoff predicted by VIC. This is explained by model differences in soil parameters and evapotranspiration calculations, and by the more explicit representation of saturation excess in DHSVM and its higher sensitivity to LAI changes in the calculation of evapotranspiration. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
976.
A procedure for tidal analysis with a Bayesian information criterion 总被引:16,自引:0,他引:16
977.
Soil water repellency may be characterized in terms of the delayed infiltration time of a water droplet resting on the soil surface, which is, water drop penetration time (WDPT), or repellency persistence. Such repellency persistence varies nonlinearly with soil water content (θg), although no models have been proposed to reproduce the variation of WDPT with θg in soils. Dynamic factor analysis (DFA) is used to identify two common patterns of unexplained variability in a scattered dataset of WDPT versus θg measurements. A four‐parameter lognormal distribution was fitted to both common patterns obtained by DFA, and these were combined additively in a weighted multiple linear bimodal model. We show how such an empirical model is capable of reproducing a large variety of WDPT versus θg curve shapes (N = 80) both within a wide range of measured WDPTs (0–17 000 s) and for samples with organic matter content ranging from 21·7 to 80·6 g (100 g)?1. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
978.
塔里木盆地志留纪沉积层序构成及充填响应特征 总被引:9,自引:2,他引:7
塔里木盆地志留系是由角度不整合面所限定的一个区域性(二级)的沉积层序,其内可划分出5个三级沉积层序。总体上显示一个从水进到水退的沉积旋回,可识别出曲流河三角洲—辫状河三角洲、滨外陆棚及较深水盆地、无障壁碎屑滨岸—无障壁碎屑潮坪沉积体系组合,它们代表了二级沉积层序中相对低位、海侵和高位的3个沉积体系组合。研究区构造、沉积、古生物和古气候资料表明,层序1底界面和层序5顶界面是塔里木周缘板块构造挤压、盆地隆升作用的结果;层序2底界面是周缘板块强烈挤压、盆地挠曲下降作用结果,同期全球海平面快速上升;层序3、层序4和层序5的底界面是在构造作用稳定、全球海平面下降背景之上由相对海平面次一级旋回变化形成的,是古气候变化、沉积物供给及构造沉降共同作用的结果。 相似文献
979.
980.