基于Meta回归方法的中国内陆河流域生态系统服务价值再评估

将流域生态系统服务的经济价值纳入成本效益分析,是解决生态环境问题和实现流域生态资源可持续配置的关键。近年来随着价值评估文献量增加,评估的价值及其影响因素等研究结论由于存在诸多争议而难以应用于管理实践。首次应用Meta回归分析对中国内陆河流域生态系统服务的价值进行综合再评估,结果发现:在价值评估研究中研究对象、受访者、测度方法、撰写发表等4个环节的特征对评估价值均具有显著影响,其中,石羊河和塔里木河的评估价值显著高于黑河,上游的评估价值显著高于中游和下游,二分式条件价值评估法所评估的价值与选择实验法没有显著差异,但显著高于其他条件价值评估法;此外,时间对评估价值呈现显著"衰减效应",每年下降2%～3%,且期刊文献的评估价值显著高于其他文献的评估价值;通过运用n-1数据分割技术,本文将Meta回归方程结果运用到样本外效益转移并对其进行评估,得到的中位数转移误差为27.12%。相较于现有研究,该结果处于可接受范围。因此,本文运用的Meta回归分析适用于中国内陆河流域效益转移政策地的生态系统服务价值评估。     

渤海西北岸填海造陆的生态损失及其对海岸带可持续发展的启示

填海造陆已经成为全球沿海地区缓解土地短缺、促进社会发展和经济增长的重要手段。随着快速工业化和城市化过程,亚洲已经成为填海造陆的中心。从天津滨海新区到唐山曹妃甸新区,在渤海西北岸正在进行的填海工程其规模在世界上名列前茅。为了剖析海岸带发展的环境因素并促进其可持续发展,对渤海西北岸填海造陆的生态损失采取了回顾性和预测性评价,从生态系统服务角度货币化计算了供给、调节、支持、文化四大类10个方面的生态损失。结果表明：2000-2010年填海造陆的生态损失为9.719亿美元,2010-2020年新增填海造陆的生态损失将达7.021亿美元,其中气体调节和水产品供应方面的损失最大。针对填海造陆可持续发展,提出相关建议,包括：在综合评估基础上的合理规划;减少填海造陆面积;优化填海区土地结构;采用“低影响”开发模式填海;采用生态补偿机制,等。     

地图质量的模糊综合评价

地图质量评价是判定地图质量的重要方面 ,文中在分析地图质量评价的内容、标准的基础上 ,引进模糊综合评价的方法评价地图质量 ,并给出了实例。     

Environmental economics of the Khangchendzonga National Park in the Sikkim Himalaya, India

A contingent valuation survey was conducted involving local community members, domestic and foreign visitors to estimate the environmental economics of the Khangchendzonga National Park and to elicit their willingness-to-pay (WTP) for its maintenance and conservation. Using a random survey, the average WTP was US$ 8.84 for foreign visitors per visit, followed by US$ 6.20 per household per year by local community members and US$ 1.91 per domestic visitor per visit for improvement in environmental conservation. The WTP was strongly influenced by age, education and income. The present study demonstrated that the contingent valuation method (CVM) is a promising approach, however it lacks inclusion of non-monetary contributions. The WTP for environmental management by the local communities was mostly in kind or time for services. The CVM can be a useful tool for decision-makers regarding investment and policy purposes for management of biodiversity hot spots and protected areas in developing countries. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

红河州气候康养资源时空分布特征分析与效应评价

基于红河州各县市30年常规气象观测资料和医疗数据,根据人体舒适度、旅游气候适宜度等指标规范,对全州气候康养资源的分布特征进行了挖掘,对其康养效应进行了初步探析与评估。研究结果表明：（1）红河州13县市气候康养资源具有空间差异性,其中,金平县、个旧市、绿春县、泸西县、屏边县均全年无夏,适宜避暑为主的康养;而河口县、元阳县、开远市、红河县全年无冬,适宜避寒为主的康养;蒙自市、建水县、弥勒市、石屏县则为四季温和型“春城”气候,四季康养皆宜。（2）全州舒适期长达7个月,属于四季全域康养旅游目的地,其中最适宜旅游月份是2-4月和9-11月。（3）全州平均期望寿命排在前三位的金平县、泸西县、个旧市3个县市,其春秋季节天数都在300天以上,均属于春秋型气候养生区;其中排在第一位的金平县,百岁老人最多,被认定为云南首个“长寿之乡”。（4）心脑血管疾病发生率与气侯舒适性关系密切,气候不适天数较多（舒适天数较少）的地区心脑血管疾病发生率也较高。此项研究既可为欲去红河州进行气候康养者提供重要参考,又可为当地康养产业发展提高科学依据,也为刚刚开始的气候康养研究提供借鉴。     

Cost-benefit analysis in the context of ecosystem services for human well-being: A multidisciplinary critique

This paper provides a critique of the cost-benefit analysis tool for ecosystem services policy evaluation. We argue that when applied to public ecosystem services, the theoretical assumptions that underlie economic valuation and cost-benefit analysis fail to fully acknowledge the multiple dimensions of human well-being, the plural forms of value articulation, the complex nature of ecosystems, the distributional biases of markets and the fairness implications of spatio-temporal framing. The current monistic utilitarian approach to ecosystem services policy evaluation should therefore be replaced by a pluralist framework composed of a heterogeneous set of value-articulating instruments that are appropriate to the specific context within which decision-making takes place. It is argued that within this pluralist framework cost-benefit analysis may remain an appropriate tool to examine the contingent trade-offs of local policies that have limited impacts on ecosystems and their services.     

Social preferences regarding the delivery of ecosystem services in a semiarid Mediterranean region

The valuation of ecosystem services has primarily been conducted within the context of the economic value of these services to society. Ecosystem services research has since advanced to identify conflicts of interest between different sectors of society while prioritizing conservation actions. This approach can be important in semiarid ecosystems, where biodiversity conservation can be hindered by a lack of community awareness. In the south-eastern Iberian Peninsula, conservation is perceived by society as a barrier to the economic development provided by agricultural or tourism activities. We use the contingent valuation method to identify community perception and economic values of different ecosystem services provided by semiarid ecosystems in the south-eastern Iberian Peninsula. This method identifies the perceptions of individuals benefiting from ecosystem services and examines their willingness to pay for the maintaining of these ecosystem services. Results showed that most respondents recognized the importance of services to human well-being and were willing to conserve these services. Preferences for maintaining water and air quality showed that respondents understood the relationship between the conservation of ecosystem services and local well-being. However, responses varied greatly across categories of beneficiaries; this finding highlights a potential conflict of interest that should be considered in any decision-making processes.     

论中国在WTO框架下应对非市场经济的策略

针对“非市场经济”问题，分析了其国际法依据，提出在WTO框架下中国政府应采取积极应对的有效策略。如何在非市场经济地位的问题上趋利避害．利用世界贸易组织规则和争端解决机制争取市场经济待遇，是我国应对国外强烈的反倾销攻势的关键性问题。     

方差分量估计建立整体估价价格体系的新方法

随着房地产市场的发展,房地产估价的研究逐渐深入。如何更好地、科学地、快速地对大量房地产价格进行评估已成为现实的问题。一般的平差模型对已有数据的利用率不高,当存在多类观测值时,不同观测值的随机模型的确定是否合理会严重影响结果的精度。基于房地产整体估价的思想,提出了方差分量估计建立价格体系的新方法。通过对两类观测值进行试验,一类通过比价系数求得价格差建立观测方程;一类由价格直接建立观测方程。结果分析表明,新方法能够实现不同观测值的权值自动调整,精度更高,可靠性更强。     

Study on applying optimal path to land valuation

As an important role in the urban land price system, the basic land price appraisal directs and reflects all kinds of land price in the real estate market. Using geographic information systems (GIS) with algorithms and powerful analysis functions to valuate land will improve the rationality and convenience of land valuation. The objective of the study on basic land price using the optimal path algorithm is to decrease the manmade error, enhance automatization, avoid make inconvenience by roadblock object.