Palinspastic reconstruction of the Grenville terrane in the Blue Ridge Geologic Province,southern and central Appalachians,U.S.A

Examinations of Grenville massifs in the Blue Ridge Geologic Province of Virginia and North Carolina indicate that the country rocks (∼ 1100–1450 Ma) are layered gneisses that were metamorphosed during Grenville orogenesis (∼ 1000–1100 Ma) to amphibolite to granulite facies and intruded by plutonic suites. Subsequently, the Grenville terrane was intruded by a suite of peralkaline granitic plutons (∼ 700 Ma) and progressively overlapped westward by Upper Precambrian to Cambrian sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Following deposition of Upper Precambrian and Palaeozoic rocks, the Blue Ridge Geologic Province was subjected to Taconic metamorphism (∼ 450–480 Ma) which generally increased in intensity southeastward from greenschist (chlorite grade) to upper amphibolite (sillimanite grade) facies. Large-scale late Devonian thrusting (∼ 350 Ma) along the Fries fault system and the Brevard zone-Yadkin fault system produced the present day distribution of juxtaposed Grenville massifs and Palaeozoic metamorphic zones in the Blue Ridge Geologic Province. Palinspastic restoration of the Taconic metamorphic zones to their pre-late Devonian relative positions yields an ∼ 50 km displacement on the Fries fault system near the Grandfather Mountain window and and an ∼ 80 km displacement on the Smith River allochthon farther east. Restoration of the Grenville massifs to this same palinspastic base shows that Grenville metamorphic grade decreased southeastward from the deeper granulite facies (opx + gar) to the shallower granulite facies (opx ± amp) to amphibolite facies.     

昆山城市热岛效应特征及其关键影响因子研究北大核心

昆山地处长三角超大城市群中,在热岛效应上受到了上海、苏州等大、中城市的显著影响。利用2014—2017年昆山气象站网逐小时观测资料分析昆山城市热岛强度时空分布特征的基础上,结合归一化建筑指数(Normalized Difference Built-up Index,NDBI),揭示了城市功能分区和城市扩张对该市热岛强度的影响,并通过一套用于城市气候研究的系统的场地分类方法—局地气候分区体系(Local Climate Zones,LCZ),探讨了不同城市用地的热岛强度特征。研究发现:昆山市热岛强度总体呈现夜间强、白天弱的特征。季节变化上表现为秋季最强,冬季次之,春季和夏季较弱;昆山市城市热岛强度处于逐年增长的过程,各镇中平均年际热岛强度增长率最高可达0.19℃·a^(-1)。高热岛强度范围由东南向西北延伸,湖陆风效应对昼夜热岛强度的分布及其变化有一定的影响,由于水体的作用,昆山市NDBI与夜间热岛强度的相关性较差,而与白天的热岛强度呈高度正相关。各镇不同的功能分区对热岛效应有显著影响,且当各镇的平均NDBI每增加0.1时,白天平均热岛强度会增加0.16℃;不同LCZ类型的热岛强度具有显著的差异,且地块城市化程度越高,热岛效应越强。密集低层建筑区(LCZ 3)和工业厂房(LCZ 10)的热岛强度与人类活动密切相关;开阔低层建筑区(LCZ 6)与茂密树木区(LCZ A)热岛强度表现出相似的变化特征;森林绿地(LCZ A、LCZ B)对热岛效应有缓解作用;水体(LCZ G)在白天有一定的降温效果,在夜间则会加剧热岛效应。