秋冬季环境下固定化氮循环细菌净化湖泊水体氮污染动态模拟

本文依据太湖秋冬季水体氮污染的特点,应用辐射增殖氮循环细胞进行了净化湖水氮污染的动态模拟实验,研究结果表明,富营养化湖水经固定化氮循环净化后,总氮下降７２．４％,氨氮下降８５．６％,出水水质得到明显改善,固定化氮循环细茵在冬季低温（７℃）条件下仍保持了较高的降氮能力,总氮和氨氮去除率分别为５５．６％,５８．９％,降氮效果与湖水滞留时间有关,探讨了固定化氮循环细茵的降氮机理。     

太湖底泥及其间隙水中氮磷垂直分布及相互关系分析

对太湖主要湖区柱状样底泥的总氮、总磷含量及其间隙水铵态氮（ＮＨ＾＋４－Ｎ）、磷酸根磷（ＰＯ＾３－４－Ｐ）和二价铁Ｆｅ（ＩＩ）含量进行了分析,并对底泥和间隙水中相应物质含量进行了比较,结果表明：太湖近表层１０ｃｍ内底泥ＴＮ、ＴＰ赋存含量较之下层高１２％－２０％左右,间隙水中ＰＯ＾３＋４－Ｐ和ＮＨ＾＋４－Ｎ含量随浓度增加而大致呈上升趋势,表层未见高浓度层存在,各湖区底泥间隙水中ＰＯ＾３＋４－Ｐ和ＮＨ＾     

北京密云水库内湖消落带有机质、营养盐(氮/磷)含量分布特征

消落带是河流、湖泊和水库特有的一种现象,也是水陆生态系统间物质能量转换最活跃、最重要的区域,消落带的淹水-落干的频率和时间对消落带有机质和营养盐的形态转化与水界面的交换过程有重要影响.在密云水库的平水期(3月),对内湖消落带有机质、氮、磷含量分布进行调查,研究不同高程、土地利用和土壤深度的情况下,有机质和各营养盐含量的分布情况及相关关系,计算有机质和各营养盐在各高程下的储量,为消落带氮磷入库风险负荷量的评估,维护密云水库的水质安全提供依据.结果表明,密云水库内湖消落带有机质、总磷、总氮、氨氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮和无机磷含量分别为23.15±13.65 mg/g、0.17±0.09 mg/g、1.44±0.81 mg/g、10.86±3.54μg/g、8.07±2.73μg/g、0.41±0.71μg/g、9.09±4.18μg/g;土地利用情况对总氮、氨氮和硝态氮含量影响较大,而对有机质和总磷含量分布没有显著影响;在垂直分布上,有机质、总磷和总氮含量有随土壤深度增加而降低的趋势;利用相关分析得出有机质和土壤水分是影响氮、磷转化的重要因素;133~146 m高程范围内有机质、总磷和总氮的储量分别为5324.07、59.56和414.02 t.密云水库内湖消落带是有机质和营养盐的重要贮存库.     

平原河网水体氮污染对氮循环菌的影响

采用最大可能数法对平原河网地区不同氮污染程度河道水体中浮游、颗粒附着及底泥中的氨化、亚硝化、硝化和反硝化菌进行测定,研究水体氮污染程度对氮循环菌不同种群的影响效应及其分布特征.结果表明,浮游、颗粒附着和底泥中亚硝化菌的丰度随着水体氮污染程度的增加而升高,但不同氮污染程度下氮循环菌种群结构组成之间差异不大,而浮游、颗粒附着及底泥生活类型之间的氮循环菌种群结构组成存在较大差异,其中浮游与底泥中氮循环菌种群组成结构之间差异最大.在氮污染水体中,浮游、颗粒附着和底泥氮循环菌中均以氨化菌为优势种群,显著高出其他氮循环菌种群多个数量级,而亚硝化菌和硝化菌丰度相对较低,反硝化菌在水体悬浮颗粒物上存在相对较高的丰度,不同氮循环菌种群组成比例存在失衡现象.     

Evaluating relative sensitivity of SWAT‐simulated nitrogen discharge to projected climate and land cover changes for two watersheds in North Carolina,USA

We investigated how projected changes in land cover and climate affected simulated nitrate (NO₃^?) and organic nitrogen discharge for two watersheds within the Neuse River Basin, North Carolina, USA, for years 2010–2070. We applied the Soil and Water Assessment Tool watershed model to predict nitrogen discharge using (1) atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations predicted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, (2) land cover change predicted by the Integrated Climate and Land Use Change project and (3) precipitation and temperature simulated by two statistically downscaled and bias‐corrected Global Circulation Models. We determined the sensitivity of simulated nitrogen discharge to separate changes in each treatment [(1) CO₂, (2) land cover and (3) precipitation and temperature (PT)] by comparing each treatment to a reference condition. Results showed that nitrogen discharges were most sensitive to changes in PT over the 60‐year simulation. Nitrogen discharges had similar sensitivities to the CO₂ and land cover treatments, which were only one‐tenth the influence of the PT treatment. Under the CO₂ treatment, nitrogen discharges increased with increasing ambient CO₂. NO₃^? discharge decreased with increased urbanization; however, organic nitrogen had a varied response. Under the PT treatment, there was high spatial variability in nitrogen discharges. In a single year, certain sub‐basins showed an 80% increase in nitrogen discharge relative to reference, while others showed a 400% decrease. With nitrogen discharge showing high sensitivity to PT change, we suggest that more emphasis should be placed on investigating impacts of PT on nutrient transport in the Neuse River Basin. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA     

湖泊湿地的水质净化效应——以太湖三山湿地为例

为了解湖泊湿地的水质净化效果,以太湖三山湿地为研究对象,综合利用遥感、GIS技术、现场水质监测、实验室分析和模型模拟等方法,分析三山湿地对污染物的拦截净化效果,进而探讨湖泊湿地对水体氮、磷污染物的削减渠道及其贡献率.结果表明三山湿地对太湖水体和三山岛生活污水均有明显净化效果.2014年三山湿地的总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)输入通量分别为549.45和19.4 t,通过水草打捞/收割分别去除20.99和4.52 t,湿地水体内TN、TP变化量分别为528.46和14.88 t,这部分营养盐输出途径包括沉积到底泥、降解转化、水体交换等.湿地的TN、TP拦截能力分别为2723.56和102.48 kg/(hm2·a).水生植物收割打捞与底泥疏浚是提高湿地水质净化能力的有效措施.水动力模拟结果显示,三山湿地建成后使附近水域水体流向发生变化,流速减小,对湿地内水质产生多方面的作用.     

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of gas hydrate-bearing sediment from Hydrate Ridge,Cascadia Margin

Serious interest has been directed toward natural gas hydrate as a potential energy resource; factor in global climate change, and submarine geohazard since naturally occurring gas-hydrate deposits were found in the 1960s. Hydrate Ridge, Cascadia convergent mar- gin, is characterized by abundant methane hydrates at and below the seafloor, active venting of fluids and gases, chemosynthetic communities, and some of the highest methane oxidation rates ever found in the ma-rine environment. All of…     

The ecosystem of a mesotrophic lake-II. Interactions among nutrient load,river flow,and epilimnion depth

The management variables which primarily affect phytoplankton biomass (as chl-a) in Lake Mjøsa, Norway, are total phosphorus loading (TP) and the timing and volume of water through flow (by active storage reservoirs). The response of the lake to changes in these factors is studied using a simulation model of the lake ecosystem. Chl-a responses from both observed data and the simulated results are extracted by multiple regression. Results show that decreasing TP load decreases chl-a, but less at low TP levels (< 10 mg TP · m^–3). There is also a certain time period for peak river flow which gives the least yield of chl-a per unit TP. This time period occurs in early summer (i.e., around June 10) if the total phosphorus load is low, and later if the load is high. Both observations and simulation results show that a high water flow increases chl-a at low epilimnion depths (< 15 m), but that the same high water flow decreases chl-a when epilmnion is deep.     

滇西北地区高山湖泊沃迪错近两百年来环境变化及枝角类群落响应

区域增温和大气氮沉降作用已成为高山湖泊面临的重要环境胁迫,已有高山湖泊生物群落响应的长期模式研究主要集中于藻类而缺乏更高营养级生物(如浮游动物)的系统调查。本研究选择滇西北地区深水型的高山湖泊沃迪错开展沉积物调查,通过多指标分析(总氮、总磷、叶绿素a、氮稳定同位素等)并结合区域气候重建记录,识别近两百年来该湖泊及流域环境的变化历史,进一步利用枝角类群落指标(物种组成、生物量等)定量评价了湖泊生物群落的响应模式与驱动因子。结果表明,湖泊营养水平(如总氮浓度)和初级生产力(叶绿素a浓度等)在过去近两百年总体呈上升趋势。相关分析显示,大气氮沉降和流域外源输入是影响总氮上升的主要因素,同时区域增温和营养盐富集促进了湖泊初级生产力的不断上升。自1960s以来区域升温明显,湖泊营养水平和叶绿素a浓度呈现加速上升的趋势。钻孔中枝角类群落以浮游属种(Daphnia longispina等)为优势种,在1900AD以前D.longispina相对丰度较为稳定(40.83%±8.02%),之后出现下降趋势且在1948—1965年间明显下降,之后再次明显上升并成为主要优势种。排序分析显示,气温、叶绿素a和总...     

Biodegradation by Co‐inoculated Bacteria and Fungi Alleviates Adverse Effects of Red‐S3B on Growth and Nitrogen Uptake of Wheat

Textile wastewater contains huge quantities of nitrogen (N)‐containing azo‐dyes. Irrigation of crops with such wastewater adds toxic dyes into our healthy soils. One of the ways to prevent their entry to soils could be these waters after the dyes' biodegradation. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the impact of textile dyes on wheat growth, dye degradation efficiency of bacteria‐fungi consortium, and alleviation of dye toxicity in wheat by treatment with microbial consortium. Among dyes, Red‐S3B (3.19% N) was found to be the most toxic to germination and growth of seven‐day‐old wheat seedlings. Shewanella sp. NIAB‐BM15 and Aspergillus terreus NIAB‐FM10 were found to be efficient degraders of Red‐S3B. Their consortium completely decolorized 500 mg L^?1 Red‐S3B within 4 h. Irrigation with Red‐S3B‐contaminated water after treatment with developed consortium increased root length, shoot length, root biomass, and shoot biomass of 30‐day‐old wheat seedlings by 47, 18, 6, and 25%, respectively, than untreated water. Moreover, irrigation after microbial treatment of dye‐contaminated water resulted in 20 and 51% increase in shoot N content and N uptake, respectively, than untreated water. Thus, co‐inoculation of bacteria and fungi could be a useful bioremediation strategy for the treatment of azo‐dye‐polluted water.