应用MODIS影像监测海州湾无机氮浓度的研究

利用连云港海州湾2004年至2006年的水质监测资料,选取时间上完全同步的空间分辨率为500m的MODIS Terra 1B数据,对反射率的单波段因子和波段组合因子与可溶无机氮（DIN）质量浓度之间进行相关分析。从总体上看,单波段因子与DIN质量浓度的相关性较低,但在含氮基团倍频和合频吸收带附近的波段（波段2、7）反射率与DIN质量浓度呈负相关,显示了含氮基团对水体光谱特征的影响;在波段组合因子中,因子F11（3.4）和F13（3.4）与DIN质量浓度呈显著正相关,用这两个因子建立DIN质量浓度的回归模型,R^2都达到0．7以上,相对精度达70％左右,最终选择因子F11（3.4）的线性模型反演该海域的DIN质量浓度,其结果与实际情况非常吻合。     

水样中氮磷营养盐的短期保存技术研究

用8种保存方法对淡水和海水水样中四个氮磷营养盐（NH3-N、NO3—N、NO3-N、PO4—P）参数及总氮的稳定性进行了7d保存效果的比较研究。结果表明,淡水与海水氮磷营养盐的最佳保存方法与效果各不相同,但淡水和海水的总氮值在各种方法保存下均十分恒定。综合考虑有效性及可操作性后提出了5d内的短期保存技术：（1）海水水样用5‰氯仿4℃条件下保存,供NH3-N、NO2—N和N03-N三个营养盐的测定,用5‰甲醛4℃条件下保存供PO4-P测定;（2）淡水用5‰氯仿4℃条件下保存,供NH3-N测定,5‰甲醛4℃条件保存供NO2-N、NO3-N和PO4-P测定。     

个性化大地测量报表服务的实现

报表服务是大地测量信息系统的一项基本功能,但往往会因为格式的微小调整而导致系统的整体重构。首先分析了当前报表生成方法的缺点,提出了基于XML相关技术生成报表的新思路;然后介绍了以XML为基本语法的统一数据交换接口,屏蔽了各种报表数据源的差异;重点讨论了如何运用XSL技术将接口文件变换成通用的HTML,并对报表中的图形信息用SVG进行描述,从而将报表转换成通用浏览器可以识别的信息模型;最后对此技术进行了实践。通过在系统外部更改报表样式文件,能够实现报表服务的个性化,增强系统的扩展性。     

祁连山亚高山灌丛林叶面积指数与冠层氮、磷的关系

氮和磷作为植物体内重要的生命元素,在植物群落的生长发育过程中发挥着重要的作用。为了明确祁连山亚高山灌丛林叶面积指数与冠层氮、磷之间的关系,本文通过对祁连山亚高山灌丛林不同植被类型(箭叶锦鸡儿、高山吉拉柳、金露梅)及不同放牧处理(羊群、牦牛,未放牧)条件下灌丛群落的叶面积指数(LAI)与叶片氮积累量(TFN)、叶片磷积累量(TFP)比较发现,在整个亚高山灌丛群落中,LAI与TFN和TFP之间都有较强的相关性,并且TFN和TFP比值的变化表明不同植被类型叶片的生长都受到N、P的共同限制,只是随着LAI的增加,高山吉拉柳主要受到氮素的限制,箭叶锦鸡儿主要受到磷素的限制,而金露梅则受到N、P的共同限制;在不同放牧条件下,单位面积LAI对应的TFN的值较高而TFP的值较低,说明动物通过对植被的啃食可能会改变群落的模式,在一定程度上限制磷的摄入。LAI、N、P之间的耦合关系表明了亚高山灌丛群落的LAI在物种组成、放牧和冠层密度上存在差异,但仍然受到N和P的约束。研究结果有利于探索水分限制条件下祁连山灌丛林生态系统植物叶片与养分元素之间关系,对于研究干旱区高寒灌丛生态系统在全球气候变化中的作用及其对全球气候变化的响应与反馈,具有重要的理论价值和实践意义。     

黑河流域土地利用变化对土壤有机碳和全氮储量的影响——元分析（英文）

Land use and cover change(LUCC) is an important indicator of the human-earth system under climate/environmental change,which also serves as a key impact factor of carbon balance,and a major source/sink of soil carbon cycles.The Heihe River Basin(HRB) is known as a typical ecologically fragile area in the arid/semi-arid regions of northwestern China,which makes it more sensitive to the LUCC.However,its sensitivity varies in a broad range of controlling factors,such as soil layers,LUCCs and calculation methods(e.g.the fixed depth method,FD,and the equivalent mass method,ESM).In this study,we performed a meta-analysis to assess the response of soil organic carbon(SOC) and total nitrogen(TN) storage to the LUCC as well as method bias based on 383 sets of SOC data and 148 sets of TN data from the HRB.We first evaluated the calculation methods and found that based on the FD method,the LUCC caused SOC and TN storage to decrease by 17.39% and 14.27%,respectively;while the losses estimated using the ESM method were 19.31% and 18.52%,respectively.The deviations between two methods were mainly due to the fact that the FD method ignores the heterogeneity of soil bulk density(BD),which may underestimate the results subsequently.We then analyzed the response of SOC and TN storage to various types of the LUCC.In particular,when woodland and grassland were converted into cultivated land or other land types,SOC and TN suffered from heavy losses,while other LUCCs had minor influences.Finally,we showed that increasing the depth of the soil layers would reduce the losses of SOC and TN storage.In summary,we identified a series of controlling factors(e.g.soil layer,the LUCC and calculation method) to evaluate the impact of the LUCC on SOC and TN storage in the HRB,which should be considered in future research.     

Base cation concentrations in forest litter and topsoil have different responses to climate and tree species along elevational gradients

The forest litter is an essential reservoir of nutrients in forests, supplying a large part of absorbable base cations(BC) to topsoil, and facilitating plant growth within litter-soil system. To characterize elevational patterns of base cation concentrations in the forest litter and topsoil, and explore the effects of climate and tree species, we measured microclimate and collected the forest litter and topsoil(0-10 cm) samples across an elevational range of more than 2000 m(1243 ～ 3316 m a.s.l.),and analyzed the concentrations of BC in laboratory. Results showed that: 1) litter Ca concentration displayed a hump-shaped pattern along the elevational gradients, but litter K and Mg showed saddle-shaped patterns. Soil Ca concentration increased with elevation, while soil K and Mg had no significant changes. 2) Ca concentration in the forest litter under aspen(Populus davidiana) was significantly higher than that in all other species, but in topsoil, Ca concentration was higher under coniferous larch and fir(Larix chinensis and Abies fargesii). Litter K and Mg concentrations was higher under coniferous larch and fir, whereas there were nosignificant differences among tree species in the concentrations of K and Mg in topsoil. 3) Climatic factors including mean annual temperature(MAT), growing season precipitation(GSP) and non-growing season precipitation(NGSP) determined BC concentrations in the forest litter and topsoil. Soil C/N and C/P also influenced BC cycling between litter and soil. Observation along elevations within different tree species implies that above-ground tree species can redistribute below-ground cations, and this process is profoundly impacted by climate. Litter and soil Ca, K and Mg with different responses to environmental variables depend on their soluble capacity and mobile ability.     

Understanding the Past and Present and Predicting the Future: Farmers’ Use of Multiple Nutrient Best Management Practices in the Upper Midwest

Understanding what drives farmers’ voluntary adoption of nutrient and soil best management practices has important consequences for many environmental outcomes including water quality. We build on research revealing the need for simultaneous use of multiple nitrogen best management practices to achieve water quality improvement goals. Using social, economic and attitudinal variables we predict the use of multiple nitrogen best management practices at three time points: current use (2013), past use (before 2013), and likelihood of use on their largest field in the next three years. Our empirical analysis uses structural equation modeling with latent variables and 2014 farmer survey data from three Midwestern US states. Most farmers in our sample used at least one of the six best management practices. Our results reveal that farmers’ attitudes, use of information sources, and conservation program participation affect the number of nitrogen best management practices concurrently in use at multiple time points.     

基于AnnAGNPS模型的山美水库流域非点源氮控制研究

探索研究流域非点源氮污染控制的有效措施,对于治理改善水环境恶化具有重要的现实和长远意义。以山美水库流域为研究区域,建立AnnAGNPS氮污染模型,通过情景模拟技术分别模拟了河岸缓冲带、适量施肥、免耕、少耕、梯田和退耕还林等最佳管理措施的非点源氮污染削减效率。结果表明:(1)梯田与退耕还林对氮的削减率较高,均高于15%;免耕较低,为13%;少耕、合理施肥、河岸缓冲带削减效果有限,低于10%。(2)河岸缓冲带、少耕、免耕、梯田等措施的总氮削减率在不同月份的变化趋势与泥沙削减变化趋势一致,在7月和8月有较高的削减率;合理施肥与退耕还林的总氮削减率则与流域施肥状况相关性更高,在2—4月份有较高的削减率,因此山美水库流域水环境改善应结合非点源氮污染治理和流域水土流失治理。     

中国半干旱草原施氮梯度下的土壤激发效应（英文）

为了探究施氮对土壤有机质(SOM)的激发效应,本研究在施氮梯度样地(0、4和16 g N m^–2 yr^–1)上进行了¹³C标记葡萄糖的原位添加实验,并对土壤CO_2排放量和磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)含量进行了测定。研究发现施氮降低了土壤CO_2排放、土壤PLFA含量以及土壤真菌细菌比。在0 g N m^–2 yr^–1样地上葡萄糖添加导致的正向激发效应最强,同时4 g N m^–2 yr^–1样地释放的葡萄糖来源的碳最多。因此,施氮减少了土壤中SOM转化产生的CO_2,微生物碳的来源由SOM转变为添加的易分解碳。本研究采样早期土壤微生物生物量和群落结构稳定,表明该草原存在"表观激发效应",因此未来研究应着重对微生物功能的多样性进行探讨。     

Soil Respiration Dynamics and Influencing Factors in Typical Steppe of Inner Mongolia under Long-term Nitrogen Addition

We investigated soil respiration (Rs) dynamics and influencing factors under different nitrogen (N) addition levels (0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 g m^-2 yr^-1) on typical grassland plots in Inner Mongolia. We measured soil respiration, temperature, moisture and nutrients. We found that N addition did not change dynamic characteristics of Rs; daily and seasonal dynamics followed a single peak curve. N addition reduced Rs during the growing season. Rs under N2, N4, N8, N16 and N32 treatments decreased by 24.00%, 21.93%, 23.49%, 30.78% and 28.20% in the growing season, respectively, compared to the N0 treatment. However, Rs in the non-growing season was not different across treatments. Rs was significantly positively correlated with soil temperature and moisture and these two factors accounted for 72%-97% and 74%-82% of variation in Rs, respectively. The soil respiration temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀) was between 2.27 and 4.16 and N addition reduced Q₁₀ except in the N8 treatment.