Simulation on the spatio-temporal distribution and emission flux of dust aerosol over East Asia in 2000–2009

A regional climate model (RegCM3), coupled with an online dust module, is used to simulate the spatio-temporal distribution and emission flux of dust aerosol (smaller than 20 μm in diameter) over East Asia in the period from 2000 to 2009. The model performance is firstly evaluated against available observations. Simulation results show that the model can capture the characteristics of spatio-temporal distribution of dust aerosol very well over East Asia. There always exist two extremes of dust aerosol optical depth (AOD) and column burden (CB), one is in the Taklimakan Desert of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, and the other is in the Badain Jaran Desert of Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region, China. The maximum value of CB appears in spring, secondary maximum in winter and minimum in autumn. To the east of 110°E, dust is transported eastward from a maximum center at a height of 700 hPa over the East Asian continent. Dust emission sources are mainly located in the Taklimakan Desert, Badain Jaran Desert, North Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and Southwest Mongolia. There is also an obvious seasonal variation of dust emission flux (EF). Annual mean dust EF is 1,015.34 mg/(m 2 ·d), of which 62.4% and 2.3% are re-deposited onto the East Asian continent through a dry and wet deposition process, respectively, and the remaining 35.3% is injected into the atmosphere or subject to long-range transport.     

城市环境大气降尘重金属研究进展

大气降尘重金属研究是对城市环境及其生态效应评估的重要手段之一。概述了大气降尘来源,对比了国内外降尘重金属含量及通量、重金属源的解析方法。同时指出了关于大气降尘重金属的国内外研究概况和进展,为今后城市环境大气降尘研究等相关领域提供借鉴。     

新构造运动影响下的雅鲁藏布江水系发育和河流地貌特征

雅鲁藏布江(雅江)水系发育和河流地貌演变受新构造运动的强烈影响。通过野外调查,结合SRTM(航天飞机雷达地形测绘使命)数据分析和Google Earth三维地图功能,对雅江河网形态及河流地貌特征进行了分析,并采用EH4电磁成像系统测量了雅江及其支流宽谷河道淤沙深度。研究发现,雅江河网呈现格状水系特点,同时具有枝状河网的拓扑性质,这主要是由于新构造运动的影响,河网发育过程中受到南北向挤压和东西向拉伸所至。青藏高原阶段性不均匀抬升形成了宽窄相间的藕节状河道形态,宽阔河段河道为辫状河型,而窄深河段为深切的V型河谷、单一顺直河型,纵剖面上构成裂点。裂点河段地块相对上升较快,阻滞了水流和泥沙,上游河段大量卵石和泥沙在河谷里淤积深达800多米,形成了平整而宽阔的U型河谷。整个雅江宽谷段泥沙淤积量约0.9万亿m³。     

不同氮浓度对红色赤潮藻(Akashiwo sanguinea)生长、孢囊形成和生源要素组成的影响

为阐明红色赤潮藻(Akashiwo sanguinea)对氮营养条件的适应机制,本研究在不同氮浓度条件下对红色赤潮藻进行一次性培养,系统研究了氮浓度对红色赤潮藻生长、休眠孢囊形成和细胞生源要素组成的影响。结果显示,红色赤潮藻生长率随着初始氮浓度的增加而增大, 200μmol/L氮添加组生长率最大,为0.79/d。不同氮处理组细胞形态存在差异,低氮条件下藻细胞个体变小。培养第6天,各氮处理组均观察到休眠孢囊,且随着培养时间的延长,孢囊数量逐渐增多;50μmol/L氮添加组孢囊形成率最高,为2.95%±0.16%。氮浓度对红色赤潮藻细胞生源要素组成有显著影响,红色赤潮藻胞内碳、氮含量随氮浓度的升高而增加,其C:N:P也随氮浓度的增加而增加。红色赤潮藻生长过程中,加氮处理组细胞在指数期碳、氮、磷含量较低,稳定期含量较高;相关性分析表明,红色赤潮藻胞内碳、氮、磷含量与藻生长率之间呈显著负相关关系(P 0.05)。不同氮浓度对红色赤潮藻的生长、休眠孢囊形成和藻细胞生源要素组成有显著影响,为揭示红色赤潮藻对氮营养条件的适应机制提供参考。     

Gold- and diamond-bearing White Hills Gravel,St Arnaud district,Victoria: age and provenance based on U – Pb dating of zircon and rutile

Investigation of coarse (>2 mm) heavy-mineral concentrates from the White Hills Gravel near St Arnaud in western Victoria provides new evidence for the age and provenance of this widespread palaeoplacer formation. A prominent zircon – sapphire – spinel assemblage is characteristic of Cenozoic basaltic-derived gemfields in eastern Australia, while a single diamond shows similar features to others found in alluvial deposits in northeastern Victoria and New South Wales. Dating of two suites of zircons by fission track and U – Pb (SHRIMP) methods gave overlapping ages between 67.4 ± 5.2 and 74.5 ± 6.3 Ma, indicating a maximum age of Late Cretaceous for the formation. Another suite of minerals includes tourmaline (schorl – dravite), andalusite, rutile and anatase, which are probably locally derived from contact metamorphic aureoles in Cambro-Ordovician basement metapelites intruded by Early Devonian granites. U – Pb dating of rutile grains by laser ablation ICPMS gave an age of 393 ± 10 Ma, confirming an Early Devonian age for the regional granites and associated contact metamorphism. Other phases present include pseudorutile, metamorphic corundum of various types, maghemite and hematite, which have more equivocal source rocks. A model to explain the diverse sources of these minerals invokes recycling and mixing of the far-travelled basalt-derived suite with the less mature, locally derived metamorphic suite. Some minerals have probably been recycled from Mesozoic gravels through Early Cenozoic (Paleocene – Eocene) drainage systems during various episodes of weathering, ferruginisation and erosion. Comparison between heavy-mineral assemblages in occurrences of the White Hills Gravel may allow distinction between depositional models advocating either separate drainage networks or coalescing sheets. Such assemblages may also provide evidence for the present-day divide in the Western Uplands being the youngest expression of an old (Late Mesozoic – Early Cenozoic) stable divide separating north- and south-flowing streams or a much younger feature (ca 10 Ma) which disrupted mainly south-flowing drainage.     

A Comparative Analysis of Evaporate Sediments on Earth and Mars：Implications for the Climate Change on Mars

The knowledge of Martian salts has gone through substantial changes during the past decades. In the 70th of last century, Viking landers have noticed the existence of salts on Mars. Several salt species have been suggested from then on, such as sulfates and chlorides. However, their origin was a mystery due to the lack of observations. The recent explorations and related studies at the beginning of this century revealed that the crustal composition of Mars is similar to that of Earth, and it was hypothesized that almost one third of Martian surface was covered by oceans and lakes in the early stage of Mars. The huge water bodies may have dissolved a large quantity of ions from Martian primary rocks during the whole Noachian and Hesperian epoch. After the enormous drought event happened during the late Hesperian and the early Amazonian, these dissolved ions have formed huge salts deposits and most of them were preserved on Mars until today. To date, carbonates, sulfates, chlorides have all been detected by orbital remote sensing and by landers and rovers. However, the salt mineral assemblages on Mars seems to have some differences from those on Earth, e.g., rich in sulfates and lack of massive carbonates. To explain this difference, we propose that most of the surface carbonates precipitated from the ancient oceans may have been dissolved by the later ubiquitous acidic fluids originated from the global volcanism in the Hesperian era, and formed the enormous sulfate deposits as detected, and this hypothesis seems to be supported by the evidence that most of the sulfate deposits distribute around the Tharsis volcanic province while the survived carbonates located far from it. This process can release most of the carbon on Mars to the atmosphere in the form of CO2 and then be erased by the late heavy bombardments, which might have profound influence on the climate change happened in the Hesperian age. The positive correlation between the GRS results of the potassium distributions and the distribution of chlorides on Mars, together with the high Br concentration measured from the evaporate sediments at two Mars exploration rover landing sites, indicate that the brines in the regions where the chlorides deposited may have reached the stage for potassium salts deposition, thus we propose for the first time that potassium salts deposits might be prevalent in these regions.     

赣江下游污染负荷与水质响应关系模型

为了研究赣江下游入河污染物对河流水质的影响,建立了基于WASP（Water quality Analysis Simulation Program）模型富营养化原理和ELADI（Eulerian-Lagrangian Alternating Direction Implicit Method）有限差分方法的正交曲线平面二维水环境模型WESC2D（Two-Dimensional Water Environment Simulation Code）。模型采用基于双线性插值及亚网格技术的欧拉-拉格朗日方法求解对流项,在简单的浓度峰输运和赣江下游溶解氧变化过程算例检验的基础上,计算与分析了赣江下游入河排污口氨氮污染负荷与水质之间的动态响应关系。模拟与分析结果表明,WESC2D模型的计算结果与解析解吻合良好,有效地减少了欧拉-拉格朗日方法的数值耗散,并为赣江下游污染负荷与水质响应关系计算提供了重要工具。     

Existence of multiple units with different accretionary and metamorphic ages in the Sanbagawa Belt,Sakuma–Tenryu area,central Japan

U–Pb ages of detrital zircons and white mica K–Ar ages are obtained from two psammitic schists from the western and eastern units of the Sanbagawa Metamorphic Belt located in the Sakuma–Tenryu area. The detrital zircons in the sample from the western unit (T1) show an age cluster around 95 Ma, and the youngest age in the detrital zircons is 94.0 ± 0.6 Ma. The detrital zircons in the sample from the eastern unit (T5) show a main age cluster in the Late Cretaceous with some older ages, and the youngest age in the detrital zircons is 72.8 ± 0.9 Ma. The youngest zircon ages restrict the older limit of the depositional ages of each sample. White mica K–Ar ages of T1 and T5 are 69.8 ± 1.5 Ma and 56.1 ± 1.2 Ma, respectively, which indicate the age of exhumation and restrict the younger limit on the depositional age of each sample. The results show that the western and eastern units were different in their depositional and exhumation ages, suggesting the episodic subduction and exhumation of the Sanbagawa Belt in the Sakuma–Tenryu area. These results also suggest simultaneous existence of subduction and exhumation paths of metamorphic rocks in the high‐P/T Sanbagawa Metamorphic Belt.     

悬浮颗粒的浓度对其在饱和多孔介质中迁移和沉积特性的影响

多孔介质中悬浮颗粒迁移和沉积特性的研究对地下污染物净化、石油开采、核废料处置、水土保持等有很重要的意义。对4种不同浓度的悬浮颗粒在3种不同的渗流速度下进行室内试验,研究悬浮颗粒的浓度对其迁移和沉积特性的影响。结果表明,在一定的悬浮颗粒浓度下,随着渗流速度的增加,穿透曲线中的悬浮颗粒的相对浓度也增大。同时,渗流速度一定时,悬浮颗粒的浓度存在一个临界值,小于该临界值,穿透曲线中的相对浓度随悬浮颗粒的浓度增大而增大;大于该临界值时,相对浓度随悬浮颗粒的浓度增大而减小。另外,悬浮颗粒的临界浓度是与渗流速度相关的,随着渗流速度增加,悬浮颗粒的临界浓度也逐渐增大     

变换光谱数据对土壤氮素PLSR模型的影响研究

光谱数据变换对消除背景、噪音影响以及提取光谱特征有重要的作用,是光谱数据分析过程中的必要步骤。为了研究光谱变换处理对土壤氮素PLSR模型的影响精度,并选择最佳光谱变换处理方法,本文对原始光谱数据进行了15种典型光谱变换,通过比较不同变换光谱与土壤氮素的相关性,实现土壤氮素的PLSR精确诊断,并综合评定最佳光谱数据变换方法。结果表明,涉及微分处理后的光谱变换,尤其是先进行开方（T₈、T₁₁）、对数（T₆、T₁₂）等变换后再进行微分处理,可提高其与土壤氮素的相关性。在引入较少因子变量个数的条件下,该方法使因变量解释量达到了98%。综合考虑模型的校正、验证效果及模型复杂度（模型最佳因子变量个数）,可得出光谱平方根的一阶微分变换处理（T₈）为最佳的土壤光谱变换算法。该条件下的土壤氮素的校正模型表现为R²=0.985、RMSE_C=0.000132、F_n=6,验证模型的表现为R²=0.9853、RMSE_V=0.000162,结果表明基于T₈的光谱数据变换可实现本试验条件下土壤氮素的光谱估算。另外,可以考虑将原始光谱的一阶微分（T₉）、对数和对数倒数的一阶微分（T₆、T₇）以及平方根和对数的二阶微分（T₁₁、T₁₂）作为光谱数据变换方法。本文研究结果可为土壤氮素估算和光谱数据预处理提供技术参考。