前板可旋转的双垂板结构水动力特性的理论研究

振荡水柱波能转换装置的最大转换效率往往受到腔内水柱共振机制的直接影响。通过对装置的基本结构进行简化,提出了一种前墙可绕固定轴旋转的双垂板式结构系统,旨在通过前墙的旋转运动进一步加剧水柱的振荡,从而对腔内水柱的共振机制进行调节和控制。基于线性波理论,采用匹配特征函数展开法对波浪与双垂板结构的相互作用进行理论研究,针对流场在结构物尖角附近的奇异性特征,将公共界面上的速度分布基于切比雪夫多项式近似展开,并应用区域间的速度与压力连续条件进行求解。通过分析结构的几何参数对反射透射系数、平均波面高程、前墙旋转振幅以及前墙与水面间相位差的影响,深究其共振机理,为振荡水柱波能转换装置的效率优化机制提供理论依据。结果表明,在所研究的波浪频率范围内,前墙的自由旋转运动会加剧板间的平均波面高程,应用于波浪能转换装置中能进一步拓宽高效频率带宽。     

天目湖流域丘陵山区典型土地利用类型氮流失特征

天目湖丘陵山区农业综合开发持续推进,大量林地转变为茶园,迫切需要认识茶园扩张对流域氮流失的影响.本研究选取茶园、次生马尾松林和毛竹林开展自然降雨条件下的径流小区实验,分析天目湖丘陵山区典型用地类型径流氮流失规律,为评估丘陵山区综合开发的水环境影响提供实测参数.研究表明:茶园、次生马尾松林和毛竹林地表径流TN浓度分别为11.25、2.83和3.60 mg/L,均以溶解态为主;壤中流TN浓度分别为27.16、3.59和1.06 mg/L,茶园和次生马尾松林均以溶解性无机氮(尤其是硝态氮)为主,毛竹林以溶解性有机氮为主;茶园、次生马尾松林和毛竹林的小区尺度地表径流系数均不到0.03,壤中流是丘陵山区径流的主要来源;茶园开发加剧了丘陵山区的氮素流失,茶园径流TN流失强度高达103.08 kg/(hm²·a),分别是次生马尾松林和毛竹林的7.6和23.2倍,壤中流贡献了流失总量的86.7%~99.7%.防治茶园径流氮流失需重点关注壤中流输出,在减量施肥的基础上,采取坡脚构建毛竹林生态缓冲带/在小流域出口布设塘坝等原位拦截措施,实现流域氮流失综合防控.     

正二十面体六边形全球离散格网编码运算

全球离散格网系统是指把地球表面按照一定规则离散分割成多分辨率层次结构的格网单元,广泛应用于海量多源空间数据的组织、管理和分析中。六边形全球离散格网具有优良的几何特性,非常适合于空间数据的处理,如何进一步提高六边形全球离散格网编码运算的效率仍是当前研究的重点。本文采用正二十面体施耐德投影四孔径六边形全球离散格网模型,基于六边形三轴坐标与编码的二进制数的对应关系构建四孔六边形的基础编码结构,将二十面体划分为32个基础六边形,并将之分为3种基础六边形剖分瓦片,在每个六边形剖分瓦片采用基础编码结构进行编码,建立了四孔六边形全球离散格网编码,同时设计了并实现了四孔六边形编码与六边形三轴坐标之间的快速转换,基于此构建了一种高效的四孔六边形全球离散格网编码运算方案,包括编码的算数运算、空间拓扑运算和邻域检索运算及跨面运算。与现有的六边形全球离散格网编码运算方案相比,本文的方案进一步提高了编码算数运算、空间拓扑运算和邻域检索运算的效率,编码加法运算是HLQT的2～3倍,邻域检索运算分别是HLQT的3～5倍和H3的2～3倍,且受格网编码层次的影响较小,编码的跨面邻域检索运算时间略高于面内的运算,可以为全...     

吉林向海沼泽湿地土壤氮素的剖面分布

本文以二百方子湿地和付老文泡湿地为研究对象,对比分析了两典型区湿地土壤不同形态氮素和全氮含量在生长期和成熟期的剖面分布特征及其差异,结果表明封闭性湿地和开放性湿地土壤剖面的物理性状存在地域差异;封闭性湿地在两物候期内土壤氮素含量的剖面分布特征相似,均表现为由表层向下减少的总体分布趋势;开放性湿地土壤中碱解氮、有机氮和全氮含量剖面分布特征与封闭性湿地一致;但铵态氮含量的剖面变化则表现为先增后减的变化趋势,且硝态氮在成熟期内出现累积峰．     

长江口滨岸潮滩柱样沉积物与孔隙水中氮的垂直分布特征

对长江口滨岸潮滩柱样沉积物及孔隙水中NH4^ -N、NO3^--N和NO2^--N的剖面进行了分析。结果表明,沉积物和孔隙水中NH4^ -N,NO3^--N和NO2^--N剖面分布基本一致,其中NH4^ -N含量最高,这说明有机质的降解反应主要是在缺氧或无氧环境中进行的;沉积物中有机质含量与NH4^ -N含量线性相关;NO3^--N和NO2^--N在剖面中以0～20cm变化剧烈,说明表层和深层有机质的降解程度发生改变。     

苹果树叶片全氮含量高光谱估算模型研究

采用Field-Spec Pro便携式光谱仪,测定了不同苹果品种叶片的光谱反射率及对应的全氮含量,采用相关性及单变量线性与非线性拟合分析技术,对全氮含量与原始光谱反射率、一阶微分光谱、高光谱参数之间的关系进行了分析。研究确立叶片全氮含量的定量监测模型,以期为遥感技术在苹果氮素营养诊断中的实际应用提供理论依据。结果表明:全氮含量与原始光谱在715nm处具有最大负相关系数(r=?0.817),并且基于此波长所构建的对数关系估算模型明显优于线性模型;光谱反射率一阶微分值在723nm处具有最大正相关系数(r=0.87),并且基于此波长所构建的线性和非线性模型的拟合效果接近;对于所选取的3类高光谱特征变量,全氮含量除了与黄边位置及由红边位置和黄边面积所构建的比值植被指数和归一化植被指数的相关性较弱外,与其余变量均呈极显著相关,说明这些变量对苹果叶片全氮含量进行估算具有可行性。对所建立的各类方程进行检验,最终筛选确定在723nm处的光谱反射率一阶微分值所构建的指数模型作为苹果叶片全氮含量的预测模型最为理想。     

Exploring hyperspectral bands and estimation indices for leaf nitrogen accumulation in wheat

Hyperspectral sensing can provide an effective means for fast and non-destructive estimation of leaf nitrogen (N) status in crop plants. The objectives of this study were to design a new method to extract hyperspectral spectrum information, to explore sensitive spectral bands, suitable bandwidth and best vegetation indices based on precise analysis of ground-based hyperspectral information, and to develop regression models for estimating leaf N accumulation per unit soil area (LNA, g N m⁻²) in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Three field experiments were conducted with different N rates and cultivar types in three consecutive growing seasons, and time-course measurements were taken on canopy hyperspectral reflectance and LNA under the various treatments. Then, normalized difference spectral indices (NDSI) and ratio spectral indices (RSI) based on the original spectrum and the first derivative spectrum were constructed within the range of 350–2500 nm, and their relationships with LNA were quantified. The results showed that both LNA and canopy hyperspectral reflectance in wheat changed with varied N rates, with consistent patterns across different cultivars and seasons. The sensitive spectral bands for LNA existed mainly within visible and near infrared regions. The best spectral indices for estimating LNA in wheat were found to be NDSI (R₈₆₀, R₇₂₀), RSI (R₉₉₀, R₇₂₀), NDSI (FD₇₃₆, FD₅₂₆) and RSI (FD₇₂₅, FD₅₁₆), and the regression models based on the above four spectral indices were formulated as Y = 26.34x^1.887, Y = 5.095x − 6.040, Y = 0.609 e^3.008x and Y = 0.388x^1.260, respectively, with R² greater than 0.81. Furthermore, expanding the bandwidth of NDSI (R₈₆₀, R₇₂₀) and RSI (R₉₉₀, R₇₂₀) from 1 nm to 100 nm at 1 nm interval produced the LNA monitoring models with similar performance within about 33 nm and 23 nm bandwidth, respectively, over which the statistical parameters of the models became less stable. From testing of the derived equations, the model for LNA estimation on NDSI (R₈₆₀, R₇₂₀), RSI (R₉₉₀, R₇₂₀), NDSI (FD₇₃₆, FD₅₂₆) and RSI (FD₇₂₅, FD₅₁₆) gave R² over 0.79 with more satisfactory performance than previously reported models and physical models in wheat. It can be concluded that the present hyperspectral parameters of NDSI (R₈₆₀, R₇₂₀), RSI (R₉₉₀, R₇₂₀), NDSI (FD₇₃₆, FD₅₂₆) and RSI (FD₇₂₅, FD₅₁₆) can be reliably used for estimating LNA in winter wheat.     

室内星空仿真软件的研制初探

基于电脑显示器来显示仿真的星空图,可以根据任意给定的观测时间、观测地点、观测天区来实时生成真实的星空背景,利用电子经纬仪即可对其进行观测。仿真结果表明,利用该仿真软件可使视场内星的选取速度加快且更加准确,星空仿真的实时性好,提高星点的位置精度,使运行方向正确,并实现了星点显示的等角距性。     

色差对摄影测量精度的影响

在工业摄影测量中,由于相对精度较高,对相机的测量精度要求也相应增高。目前,常用的相机检校方法为10参数法,此方法未对色差的影响展开研究。本文通过将照片的R、G、B颜色分离,得到三组单色照片,再分别进行自检校光束法平差,对所得结果进行物方公共点转换后,发现三组单色照片与原始灰度照片的物方点精度相当,绿色分量照片处理精度较原始灰度照片有微小的提高。     

The composition of nutrient fluxes from contrasting UK river basins

Accurate estimates of N and P loads were obtained for four contrasting UK river basins over a complete annual cycle. The fractionation of these loads into dissolved and particulate, and inorganic and organic components allowed a detailed examination of the nutrient load composition and of the factors influencing both the relative and absolute magnitude of these components. The particulate phosphorus (TPP) loads account for 26–75% of the annual total phosphorus (TP) transport and are predominantly inorganic. The inorganic (PIP) and organic (POP) fractions of the TPP loads represent 20–47% and 6–28% of the annual TP transport, respectively. In contrast, the particulate nitrogen loads (TPN) represent 8% or less of the annual total nitrogen (TN) loads and are predominately organic. For dissolved P transport, the dissolved inorganic fraction (DIP) is more important, representing 15–70% of the TP loads, whereas the dissolved organic fraction (DOP) represents only 3–9% of the TP loads. The TN loads are dominated by the dissolved component and more particularly the total oxidized fraction (TON), which is composed of nitrate and nitrite and represents 76–82% of the annual TN transport. The remaining dissolved N species, ammonium (NH₄-N) and organic N (DON) account for 0·3–1·2% and 13–16% of the annual TN transport, respectively. The TPN and TPP fluxes closely reflect the suspended sediment dynamics of the study basins, which are in turn controlled by basin size and morphology. The dissolved inorganic nutrient fluxes are influenced by point source inputs to the study basins, especially for P, although the TON flux is primarily influenced by diffuse source contributions and the hydrological connectivity between the river and its catchment area. The dissolved organic fractions are closely related to the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) dynamics, which are in turn influenced by land use and basin size. The magnitude of the NH₄-N fraction was dependent on the proximity of the monitoring station to point source discharges, because of rapid nitrification within the water column. However, during storm events, desorption from suspended sediment may be temporarily important. Both the magnitude and relative contribution of the different nutrient fractions exhibit significant seasonal variability in response to the hydrological regime, sediment mobilization, the degree of dilution of point source inputs and biological processes. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.