不同干扰条件下纳帕海湿地植物群落优势种群的生态位

2011年5、7、10月在纳帕海湖滨湿地选择3种不同人为干扰生境类型,每个干扰生境布设3个固定样方,对湖滨湿地植物群落中主要种群的空间生态位和季节特征进行研究.结果表明:在3种干扰水平维度上,春、夏、秋3个季节湖滨湿地植物生态位宽度指数前4位由大到小变化的顺序分别是:春季:绵毛酸模叶蓼(0.9731) >华扁穗草(0.8040) >平车前(0.6468) >毛果弹裂碎米荠(0.5021);夏季:平车前(0.8674) >荠(0.8581) >华扁穗草(0.8440) >绵毛酸模叶蓼(0.7814);秋季:华扁穗草(0.9698) >绵毛酸模叶蓼(0.7730) >平车前(0.6650) >西南委陵菜(0.6647).因此,湖滨湿地植物的生态位宽度在不同干扰水平上会随着季节的变化出现显著的改变.同样,生态位重叠和生态位分化随着季节的变化也会发生明显的改变,其中春、秋季的生态位重叠程度低,分化程度高,且春季较秋季略强,而夏季的生态位重叠程度高且分化程度低.这些结果为揭示纳帕海湖滨湿地植物群落格局与动态及人为干扰影响生物多样性的生态过程提供了基础资料,同时为进一步深入研究不同人为干扰下湖滨湿地植物群落中主要种群敏感性反应的规律提供了科学依据.     

干旱区植物水分生态位适宜度的数学模型及其过程数值模拟试验研究

在干旱地区水分是影响植物生长的限制因子。文章分析了沙地植物的水分利用状况,通过扩展经典生态位理论的内涵,用数学抽象方法定义植物水分生态位适宜度为其水分最适生态位点与现实生态位点的贴近度,建立了响应数学模型及数值模拟方法,依据试验观测结果进行了植物水分生态位适宜度过程的计算分析,所获结果具有较高的精度。文中有关数值模拟试验研究结果为干旱区无灌溉条件下人工植被的营建提供了新的理论模式和定量依据。     

Ecological Differences in the Distribution of two Tethya (Porifera, Demospongiae) Species Coexisting in a Mediterranean Coastal Lagoon

Abstract. In the Sicilian lagoon Stagnone di Marsala, Tethya aurantium and T. citrina show different ecological distributions, although some overlapping occurs. The first species reaches its highest density where linear currents are maximal, and in this habitat it is particularly frequent on Posidonia oceanica rhizomes. The second species is more abundant in still water locations and is equally common on Posidonia rhizomes and on calcareous concretions. Such distributions can be related to water movement, Posidonia shoot density, and associated factors such as sedimentation and food availability. These observations are consistent with an adaptive interpretation of the morphofunctional features distinguishing the two species.     

辽东山地老秃顶子古冰缘地貌植物种群生态位特征

基于48块样地的群落调查数据,以样地代表多种资源的综合状态,以物种重要值作为生态位计测的状态指标,采用Levins指数与Schoener指数,对辽东山地老秃顶子古冰缘地貌植物群落乔木层、灌木层及草本层植物的生态位特征进行了系统研究。结果表明：① 乔木层内臭冷杉（Abies nephrolepis）生态位宽度最大,为泛化乔木种;臭冷杉与长白鱼鳞云杉（Picea jezoensis var. komarovii）的生态位重叠值高达0.616,共优生存于暗针叶林中。② 灌木层内生态位宽度较大的狗枣猕猴桃（Actinidia kolomikta）、单花忍冬（Lonicera subhispida）、大翅卫矛（Euonymus macropterus）和关东丁香（Syringa velutina）为落叶阔叶林和针阔混交林下的泛化种;狗枣猕猴桃与单花忍冬的生态位重叠值高达0.610。③ 草本层内生态位宽度较大的东北羊角芹（Aegopodium alpestre）、荨麻叶龙头草（Meehania urticifolia）、酢浆草（Oxalis corniculata）为研究区泛化草本植物;东北羊角芹与荨麻叶龙头草的生态位重叠值高达0.702。     

Multi-source spatial data-based invasion risk modeling of Striga (Striga asiatica) in Zimbabwe

ABSTRACT

Monitoring of destructive invasive weeds such as those from the genus Striga requires accurate, near real-time predictions and integrated assessment techniques to enable better surveillance and consistent assessment initiatives. Thus, in this study, we predicted the potential ecological niche of Striga (Striga asiatica) weed in Zimbabwe, to identify and understand its propagation and map potentially vulnerable cropping areas. Vegetation phenology from remote sensing, bioclimatic and other environmental variables (i.e. cropping system, edaphic, land surface temperature, and terrain) were used as predictors. Six machine learning modeling techniques and the ensemble model were evaluated on their suitability to predict current and future Striga weed distributional patterns. The mentioned predictors (n = 40) were integrated into six models with “presence-only” training and evaluation data, collected in Zimbabwe over the period between the 12^th and 28^th of March 2018. The area under the curve (AUC) and true skill statistic (TSS) were used to measure the performance of the Striga modeling framework. The results showed that the ensemble model had the strongest Striga occurrence predictive power (AUC = 0.98; TSS = 0.93) when compared to the other modeling algorithms. Temperature seasonality (Bio4), the maximum temperature of the warmest month (Bio5) and precipitation seasonality (Bio15) were determined to be the most dominant bioclimatic variables influencing Striga occurrence. “Start of the season” and “season minimum value” of the “Enhanced Vegetation Index base value” were the most relevant remote sensing-based variables. Based on projected climate change scenarios, the study showed that up to 2050, the suitable area for Striga propagation will increase by ~ 0.73% in Zimbabwe. The present work demonstrated the importance of integrating multi-source data in predicting possible crop production restraints due to weed propagation. The results can enhance national preparedness and management strategies, specifically, if the current and future risk areas can be identified for early intervention and containment     

厦门市大屿岛主要乔木种生态位特征分析

通过样方法对福建省厦门市大屿岛主要乔木种生态位特征进行分析。结果表明:整个岛屿乔木树种物种多样性较低,其中Shannon-Wiener物种多样性指数为1. 26,Margalef丰富度指数为1. 44,Simpson生态优势度指数为0. 54,Pielou均匀度指数为0. 57。乔木层优势物种是台湾相思(Acacia confusa),其重要值达53. 84%。其次是马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、柠檬桉(Eucalyptus citriodora)和潺槁木姜子(Litsea glutinosa)。生态位特征分析表明台湾相思生态位宽度最大,其Levins和Shannon生态位宽度值分别为19. 00和2. 84。生态位宽度较大的还有马尾松,潺槁木姜子和柠檬桉。台湾相思和马尾松的生态位重叠值最高,为0. 673,其次为台湾相思和潺槁木姜子,其生态位重叠值为0. 633。台湾相思、马尾松、柠檬桉和潺槁木姜子的胸径和冠幅在空间分布中变化趋势相似。综上可知厦门大屿岛乔木树种多样性较低,植物种类简单,优势种相对明显,生态位特征值较小的植物对生境要求较高,整个生态系统较为脆弱。     

New insights on the trophic ecology of bathyal communities from the methane seep area off Concepción,Chile (~36° S)

Studies of the trophic structure in methane‐seep habitats provide insight into the ecological function of deep‐sea ecosystems. Methane seep biota on the Chilean margin likely represent a novel biogeographic province; however, little is known about the ecology of the seep fauna and particularly their trophic support. The present study, using natural abundance stable isotopes, reveals a complex trophic structure among heterotrophic consumers, with four trophic levels supported by a diversity of food sources at a methane seep area off Concepción, Chile (~36° S). Although methanotrophy, thiotrophy and phototrophy are all identified as carbon fixation mechanisms fueling the food web within this area, most of the analysed species (87.5%) incorporate carbon derived from photosynthesis and a smaller number (12%) use carbon derived from chemosynthesis. Methane‐derived carbon (MDC) incorporation was documented in 22 taxa, including sipunculids, gastropods, polychaetes and echinoderms. In addition, wide trophic niches were detected in suspension‐feeding and deposit‐feeding taxa, possibly associated with the use of organic matter in different stages of degradation (e.g. from fresh to refractory). Estimates of Bayesian standard ellipses area (SEA_B) reveal different isotopic niche breadth in the predator fishes, the Patagonian toothfish Dissostichus eleginoides and the combtooth dogfish Centroscyllium nigrum, suggesting generalist versus specialist feeding behaviors, respectively. Top predators in the ecosystem were the Patagonian toothfish D. eleginoides and the dusky cat shark, Bythaelurus canescens. The blue hake Antimora rostrata also provides a trophic link between the benthic and pelagic systems, with a diet based primarily on pelagic‐derived carrion. These findings can inform accurate ecosystem models, which are critical for effective management and conservation of methane seep and adjacent deep‐sea habitats in the Southeastern Pacific.     

Selection of scale can reverse the importance of stochastic controls on community assembly

Reconciling the long-standing debate on the importance of niche-related and neutral factors on community assembly, recent research suggests that both deterministic and stochastic processes operate simultaneously along a continuum in many biogeographical systems. In particular, stochastic processes seem to lose importance under stressful conditions, which results in the increasing influence of deterministic counterparts. In this paper, I show that, at local scales, this stochasticity–stress relationship can be reversed along the environmental stress gradients within a salt marsh: stochasticity manifested under harshness. Here, low-lying, more stressful sites contained all of the plant species of the local pool (i.e. a greater chance of ecological drift), whereas high-elevation, less stressful sites exhibited reduced species richness due to competitive exclusion (i.e. a lower chance of ecological drift). I conclude that determining whether the importance of stochasticity in shaping community structure is greater under benign or harsh conditions depends on the scale of interest.     

岷江上游山区聚落生态位垂直分异研究

以岷江上游山区聚落为研究对象,采用生态位的方法,利用遥感资料和GIS技术,提取岷江上游山区空间信息,定量研究山区聚落生态位影响尺度、人口密度及民族类型带谱垂直分异特征,并建立民族聚落生态位类型图谱。研究表明：聚落生态位地理半径随着海拔升高而增大,其数值介于300~600 m;相反,聚落生态位人口密度却随着海拔升高而递减,其数值介于200~630 人/km²;聚落生态位地理半径和人口密度的垂直分异特征,是山区居民长期适应山地环境的结果,与民族类型及其生计方式密切相关。在流域尺度上,岷江上游作为我国西南地区的一条民族廊道,聚落生态位民族类型空间格局具有典型的带谱特征：藏族和回族聚落生态位均处于河流干支流的上部,羌族聚落生态位对应于干旱河谷和V型河谷上部的低半山缓坡地带,汉族聚落生态位位于岷江上游入口处的河谷地带。