P–T modelling of the andalusite–kyanite–andalusite sequence and related assemblages in high-Al graphitic pelites. Prograde and retrograde paths in a late kyanite belt in the Variscan Iberia

The exceptional andalusite–kyanite–andalusite sequence occurs in Al‐rich graphitic slates in a narrow pelite belt on the hangingwall of a ductile normal fault in NW Variscan Iberia. Early chiastolite is replaced by Ky–Ms–Pg aggregates, which are overgrown by pleochroic andalusite near granites intruded along the fault. Slates plot in AKFM above the chloritoid‐chlorite tie‐line. Their P–T grids are modelled with Thermocalc v2.7 and the 1998 databases in the NaKFMASH and KFMASH systems. The univariant reaction Ctd + And/Ky = St + Chl + Qtz + H₂O ends at progressively lower pressure as F/FM increases and A/AFM decreases, shrinking the assemblage Cld–Ky–Chl, and opening a chlorite‐free Cld–Ky trivariant field on the low temperature reaction side. This modelling matches the observed absence of chlorite in high F/FM rocks, which is restricted to low pressure in the andalusite stability field. The P–T path deduced from modelling shows a first prograde event in the andalusite field followed by retrogression into the kyanite field, most likely coupled with a slight pressure increase. The final prograde evolution into the andalusite field can be explained by two different prograde paths. Granite intrusion caused the first prograde part of the path with andalusite growth. The subsequent thermal relaxation, together with a_H2O decrease, generated the retrograde andalusite–kyanite transformation, plus chlorite consumption and chloritoid growth. This transformation could have been related to folding in the beginning, and aided later by downthrowing due to normal faulting. Heat supplied by syntectonic granite intrusion explains the isobaric part of the path in the late stages of evolution, causing the prograde andalusite growth after the assemblage St–Ky–Chl. Near postectonic granites, a prograde path with pressure decrease originated the assemblage St–And–Chl.     

Theory of equivalent staggered‐grid schemes: application to rotated and standard grids in anisotropic media

The previous finite‐difference numerical schemes designed for direct application to second‐order elastic wave equations in terms of displacement components are strongly dependent on Poisson's ratio. This fact makes theses schemes useless for modelling in offshore regions or even in onshore regions where there is a high Poisson's ratio material. As is well known, the use of staggered‐grid formulations solves this drawback. The most common staggered‐grid algorithms apply central‐difference operators to the first‐order velocity–stress wave equations. They have been one of the most successfully applied numerical algorithms for seismic modelling, although these schemes require more computational memory than those mentioned based on second‐order wave equations. The goal of the present paper is to develop a general theory that enables one to formulate equivalent staggered‐grid schemes for direct application to hyperbolic second‐order wave equations. All the theory necessary to formulate these schemes is presented in detail, including issues regarding source application, providing a general method to construct staggered‐grid formulations to a wide range of cases. Afterwards, the equivalent staggered‐grid theory is applied to anisotropic elastic wave equations in terms of only velocity components (or similar displacements) for two important cases: general anisotropic media and vertical transverse isotropy media using, respectively, the rotated and the standard staggered‐grid configurations. For sake of simplicity, we present the schemes in terms of velocities in the second‐ and fourth‐order spatial approximations, with second‐order approximation in time for 2D media. However, the theory developed is general and can be applied to any set of second‐order equations (in terms of only displacement, velocity, or even stress components), using any staggered‐grid configuration with any spatial approximation order in 2D or 3D cases. Some of these equivalent staggered‐grid schemes require less computer memory than the corresponding standard staggered‐grid formulation, although the programming is more evolved. As will be shown in theory and practice, with numerical examples, the equivalent staggered‐grid schemes produce results equivalent to corresponding standard staggered‐grid schemes with computational advantages. Finally, it is important to emphasize that the equivalent staggered‐grid theory is general and can be applied to other modelling contexts, e.g., in electrodynamical and poroelastic wave propagation problems in a systematic and simple way.     

Staggered nested designs to identify hierarchical scales of variability

Staggered nested sampling designs are virtually unknown in biology, but are widely used in manufacturing because they are highly efficient. I used a staggered nested design to address variation in the abundance of an intertidal clam Austrovenus stutchburyi (Gray) at four spatial scales. The scales were addressed by sampling cells containing five samples spaced at 50, 5, 0.5, and 0.05 m from one another. Estimates of variation from staggered nested designs can be made via ANOVA and principal component methods. ANOVA and principal component methods estimated roughly equal variability among those four spatial scales of abundance, and at all but the smallest scales variances were estimated very imprecisely. Staggered nested designs are highly efficient, applicable to any nested design, and deserve to be investigated more widely.     

完备格上的表现定理及其应用

在完备格的条件下讨论了Ｌ集合套的性质,给出了表现定理,最后指出了表现定理在ＬＦ代数理论中的应用。     

A baroclinic typhoon model with a moving multi-nested grid and variational adjustment initialisation I. Numerical method

INTRODUCTIONIt is well-known that a typhoon has a strong wind zone and very steep pressure gradient. Thespatial and temPOral variations of the meteorological quantities within a typhoon are much largerthan that in a common synOPtic system and it involves strong convective activities. The details ofthe structures and physical processes of typhoons need to be properly resolved when we do the numerical simulation. When designing a typhoon model, however, the effect of large scale synopticsy…     

一般曲线坐标系下波浪传播的数值模拟

在曲线坐标系下,建立了缓变水深水域波浪传播的数值模拟模型.模型适宜于复杂变化的边界形状,克服了各种代数坐标变换的局限性.在建立模型时,将原始的椭圆型缓坡方程的近似型式——依赖时间变化的抛物型方程,作为控制方程,既克服了一般抛物近似方法的缺点,又便利了方程的求解;从开边界条件、不同反射特性的固壁边界条件相统一的表达式出发,对边界条件进行处理;用ADI法数值求解控制方程.对模型的验证表明,数值解与物模实验值吻合良好,模型对于具有复杂边界的工程实际有较强的适应性.     

CLIMATIC RISK ZONING OF DOUBLE CROPPING SUPER RICE CULTIVATION IN HUNAN PROVINCE

Based on meteorological data including daily sunshine duration, temperature and precipitation from 97 meteorological stations in Hunan province during the period of 1981—2010, in combination with the field experiment in different places at different sowing dates, the precise climatic risk zoning of double cropping super rice cultivation has been studied by using the spatial interpolation method and other Geographical Information System(GIS)technologies. Three key climatic factors were selected including chilling in May, high temperature heat damage during July to early August and low temperature damage in autumn in this study. Furthermore, based on the analysis of climatic conditions suitable for double cropping super rice cultivation and climatic disasters, 8-22 ℃ active accumulated temperature, sunshine duration from late March to October, climatic risk index of the low temperature in autumn, and climatic risk index of chilling in May were selected as key climatic factors to study the precise agro-meteorological regionalization of double cropping super rice in Hunan province. The results showed that: the high-yielding zones of double cropping super rice in Hunan were mainly located in Zhuzhou, Hengyang, Yongzhou and Chenzhou City, the moderate-yielding zones were primarily located in the east and north reaches of Dongting Lake,together with most of Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan City, and other regions in Hunan were not suitable for double cropping super rice. These findings can provide valuable information for the large-scale cultivation of double cropping super rice in Hunan province.     

基于波前面三角形网格剖分的波前重建法三维射线追踪

在许多地震反演和偏移成像方法中,都要涉及到射线路径和旅行时的计算.本文将波前面三角形网格剖分和三维波前重建法射线追踪技术结合使用,实现了射线路径和旅行时的准确快速计算.三维波前重建法射线追踪过程中可以保证稳定合理的射线密度,克服了常规射线追踪方法存在阴影区的问题.波前面三角形网格剖分在描述和拆分波前面时更加准确有效,而且不需太多的网格数目,从而提高了射线追踪的精度和效率.该方法在三维复杂构造成像方面有独特的优势,目前在实际的Kirchhoff 偏移中的已经有相关应用.     

格网化资源环境综合科学调查的若干问题思考

资源环境综合科学调查,是获取反映区域自然基础和社会发展情况的科学数据和资料的重要手段。中国幅员辽阔、地理国情复杂且数据资料积累薄弱,因此,我国重视并长期发展资源环境综合科学调查。然而,由于不同时期、不同区域开展的综合科学调查,在时空尺度、调查内容、技术规范等方面存在很大差异,尽管资料获取越来越多,但仍难以集成利用,缺少对我国总体资源环境的认识。能否以格网化的思路来获取和管理考察资料,能否有适宜于资源环境调查的标准规范,来集成历史资料并指导未来的动态监测,能否建成一个中观尺度的长期资源环境调查系统?针对这些问题,结合当前正在实施的格网化资源环境综合科学调查规范项目的实践,提出以下一些思考,包括：资源环境调查格网体系、格网的剖分与编码、资源环境调查标准规范、资源环境调查适宜尺度、属性数据格网化、格网化数据获取与管理、资源环境数据共享与应用。     

地学现象的分维与标度关系——以中国大陆山系为例

分形理论产生以后,已经在许多领域里取得了较为广泛的应用,但是在分形维数的计算方面仍存在一定的问题,最根本的问题之一是大量相关研究往往忽略了标度问题的影响,而将计算出的分维结果随意比较。本文则是以中国大陆山系为例,对地学现象的分维与标度的关系进行了研究,得出:(1)中国大陆山系的分形性质是客观存在的,其分形性质是不以测算标度而出现变化的,是始终存在的;(2)虽然在不同的测算标度下,中国大陆山系的分形性质始终是客观存在的,但是随着测算标度范围的变化,中国大陆山系的分维也会相应地出现一定的变化,即中国大陆山系客观存在的分形性质是绝对的,而分维则是一个相对的值,是随着测算标度而出现变化的;(3)分维不仅随着测算标度的变化而出现一定的变化,而且,分维是测算平均标度的函数,即D=f(r)(式中:r为测算平均标度,D为分维)关系成立;(4)因为分维值会随着不同标度范围的变化而出现相应的变化,所以,如果要进行分维之间的比较,则应选择相同的标度范围和标度值点。