巢式监测井成井技术

从巢式监测井选用的材料、巢式监测井的安装、巢式监测井安装时注意事项、巢式监测井的清洗取样、以及在地下水污染监测方面的实际应用做了简单介绍，为地下水污染监测提供了一种新的参考。     

适用于移动终端的全球离散格网快速生成方法

针对全球离散格网依据剖分方法和投影方式的不同,在实现方式、剖分速度、格网均匀性等方面呈现出较大差异的问题,该文顾及移动终端用户对高精度位置应用日益增长的需求,以及顾及移动终端计算性能较低的特点,分析了球面格网生成方法、格网向椭球面投影方式和几何变形特点。通过分析椭球面格网与球面格网间变形差异,该文认为球面格网代替椭球面格网在一定程度上能够满足不同精度的格网剖分需求。通过建立用户精度指标与剖分层次对应关系,提高了格网剖分的计算效率,可应用于移动终端等计算性能较低的设备。     

WRF模式对中国夏季降水的动力降尺度模拟研究

采用NCEP的FNL再分析资料驱动WRF模式,对中国10 a(2000—2009年)夏季降水进行双重动力降尺度(双重嵌套)模拟,将子、母区域模拟结果和观测进行对比,以检验双重动力降尺度对中国夏季降水模拟的"增值"能力。结果表明:单重动力降尺度(单重嵌套)方法能较好模拟出中国10 a夏季平均降水的空间分布,对季风雨带"北跳"特征模拟较好,但模拟降水具有系统性正偏差。在母区域的强迫下,双重动力降尺度模拟的降水分布与单重动力降尺度相比,没有发生根本性变化。但由于子区域的分辨率要高于母区域,双重动力降尺度比单重动力降尺度能提供更多有价值的降水细节。双重动力降尺度的这种"增值"能力存在地域依赖性,在华南地区和江淮地区,双重动力降尺度模拟出的降水分布、量值和逐日演变都要好于单重动力降尺度。但在华北地区,双重动力降尺度没有表现出明显的"增值"。     

Groundwater modelling to quantify the effect of water harvesting structures in Wagarwadi watershed,Parbhani district,Maharashtra, India

Marathwada Agricultural University, Pharbani, has developed about 560 hectares of Wagarwadi watershed in Pharbani district since 1987. Groundwater monitoring on 16 observations wells at weekly intervals commenced in January 1992, and rainfall and pan evaporation has been measured daily at a hydrometeorological station situated in the nearby university campus. Aquifer parameters, namely, transmissivity and specific yield, have been estimated by carrying out a pumping test on a large diameter well. Groundwater recharge resulting from rainfall has been estimated using a water balance model of the soil moisture zone considering soil zone thickness and crops grown. The SCS (Soil Conservation Service) curve number method was used for surface runoff estimation. The groundwater flow model has been constructed using the nested squares, finite difference method. Nested square meshes of sizes 160 m×160 m and 80 m×80 m have been used and the steady-state condition of aquifer system was simulated in the model assuming the June 1992 water level configuration under equilibrium conditions. The model has been calibrated for transient conditions incorporating additional seepage from the water harvesting structures and their contribution to the groundwater regime has been assessed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三维斜压台风模式Ⅰ.数值方法

一种多重移动套网格斜压台风模式已被应用于海洋环境数值预报.模式采用σ坐标系的原始方程组作为控制方程.现在用于国家海洋环境预报中心的模式垂直方向为非等距4层,水平方向为Arakawa B型格式,所采用的差分格式满足动量和能量守恒原理.模式控制方程组分离成平流过程和适应过程二组方程,并根据大气运动不同过程的特性,分别采用不同的时间步长和不同的积分方法.预报和后报结果显示该数值方法不仅可以缩短机时,而且可以得到稳定的预报结果.     

三维斜压台风模式I.数值方法

一种多重移动套网格斜压台风模式已被应用于海洋环境数值预报。模式采用坐标系的原始方程组作为控制方程。现在用于国家海洋环境预报中心的模式垂直方向为非等距４层,水平方向为ＡｒａｋａｗａＢ型格式,所采用的差分格式满足动量和能量守恒原理。模式控制方程组分离成平流过程和适应过程二组方程,并根据大气运动不同过程的特性,分别采用不同的时间步长和不同的积分方法。预报和后报结果显示该数值方法不仅可以缩短机时,而且可以得到稳定的预报结果。     

基于非结构网格剖分的海洋可控源电磁三维正则化反演研究

为更好地处理与解释复杂海底地形条件下测得的海洋可控源电磁数据,本文提出了一种基于非结构网格剖分的频率域海洋可控源电磁数据三维正则化反演方法.该方法首先对海洋地电模型以非结构四面体单元进行离散,然后基于矢量有限元方法获得海洋可控源电磁响应和灵敏度信息,最后采用共轭梯度法求解高斯-牛顿反演方程计算模型修正量.为提高反演的稳定性,通过在反演过程中采用对数转换方法实现反演模型参数的上下限约束.本文分别测试了单测线水平海底地形反演算例和面积性测量的起伏海底地形反演算例.反演结果表明,本文提出的频率域海洋可控源电磁三维反演能够准确地恢复高阻储油层的位置和电阻率信息,且计算效率较高,可用于实测海洋电磁资料的处理与解释.     

Spatio-temporal modeling of PM2.5 concentrations with missing data problem: a case study in Beijing,China

ABSTRACT

One of the major challenges in conducting epidemiological studies of air pollution and health is the difficulty of estimating the degree of exposure accurately. Fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) concentrations vary in space and time, which are difficult to estimate in rural, suburban and smaller urban areas due to the sparsity of the ground monitoring network. Satellite retrieved aerosol optical depth (AOD) has been increasingly used as a proxy of ground PM_2.5 observations, although it suffers from non-trivial missing data problems. To address these issues, we developed a multi-stage statistical model in which daily PM_2.5 concentrations can be obtained with complete spatial coverage. The model consists of three stages – an inverse probability weighting scheme to correct non-random missing patterns of AOD values, a spatio-temporal linear mixed effect model to account for the spatially and temporally varying PM_2.5-AOD relationships, and a gap-filling model based on the integrated nested Laplace approximation-stochastic partial differential equations (INLA-SPDE). Good model performance was achieved from out-of-sample validation as shown in R² of 0.93 and root mean square error of 9.64 μg/m³. The results indicated that the multi-stage PM_2.5 prediction model proposed in the present study yielded highly accurate predictions, while gaining computational efficiency from the INLA-SPDE.