NUMERICAL SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS BY NESTING HYDROLOGY MODEL DHSVM WITH REGIONAL CLIMATE MODEL RegCM2/CHINA

Based on improvement of a distributed hydrology-soil-vegetation model (DHSVM for short)and its application to North China,a nested regional climatic-hydrologic model system is developedby connecting DHSVM with RegCM2/China.The simulated climate scenarios,including controland 2×CO_2 outputs,are downscaled to 8 stations in Luanhe River and Sanggan River Basins todrive the hydrology model.According to simulation results,under double CO_2 scenarios,annualmean temperature and evapotranspiration will increase 2.8C and 29 mm,respectively;precipitation also increase but with different value for each basin,6 mm for Luanhe River Basinwhile 46 mm for Sanggan River Basin;runoff change for the two basins is different too,27 mmdecrease for Luanhe River Basin while 26 mm increase for Sanggan River Basin.As a result,therunoff in future for Luanhe River Basin and Sanggan River Basin will be 74 mm and 71 mm,respectively,which is approximately a quarter of annual mean runoff(284 mm)of the wholecountry.Total streamflow for the two basins will decrease about 2.5×10~8m~3.All these indicatethat the warm and dry trend will continue in the two river basins under double CO_2 scenarios.Thenested model system,with both climatic and hydrologic prediction ability,could also be applied toother basins in China by parameter adjustment.     

Post‐fire hydrological response and suspended sediment transport of a terraced Mediterranean catchment

In July 2013, a wildfire severely affected the western part of the island of Mallorca (Spain). During the first three post‐fire hydrological years, when the window of disturbance tends to be more open, the hydrological and sediment delivery processes and dynamics were assessed in a representative catchment intensively shaped by terracing that covered 37% of its surface area. A nested approach was applied with two gauging stations (covering 1.2 km² and 4.8 km²) built in September 2013 that took continuous measurements of rainfall, water and sediment yield. Average suspended sediment concentration (1503 mg L^?1) and the maximum peak (33 618 mg L^?1) were two orders of magnitude higher than those obtained in non‐burned terraced catchments of Mallorca. This factor may be related to changes in soils and the massive incorporation of ash into the suspended sediment flux during the most extreme post‐fire event; 50 mm of rainfall in 15 min, reaching an erosivity of 2886 MJ mm ha^?1 h^?1. Moreover, hysteretic counter‐clockwise loops were predominant (60%), probably related to the increased sensitivity of the landscape after wildfire perturbation. Though the study period was average in terms of total annual precipitation (even higher in intensities), minimal runoff (2%) and low sediment yield (6.3 t km^?2 y^?1) illustrated how the intrinsic characteristics of the catchment, i.e. calcareous soils, terraces and the application of post‐fire measures, limited the hydrosedimentary response despite the wildfire impact. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

邻近性对人口再流动目的地选择的影响

中国人口流动进入总量稳定下的空间调整新阶段,存量流动人口的再流动成为塑造人口和城镇化格局的主体因素。本文从户籍地和前期流入地两个基点出发,综合考虑地理、制度、信息、社会、认知等维度,构建了双重多维邻近性影响人口再流动目的地选择的理论框架,利用全国流动人口动态监测调查数据和嵌套Logit模型开展实证研究。结果表明：双重多维邻近性对人口再流动的空间选择具有显著而稳健的影响。人口再流动时,会选择与自身知识水平更匹配、与户籍地和前期流入地都更近、信息联系都更强的城市,但社会联系仍主要依靠老家。流动人口具有回到户籍所在省（区、市）的主观意愿,但省内城市普遍机会不多、环境欠佳,缺乏吸引力。相对而言,女性对同乡网络的依赖高于男性;新生代流动人口在很多方面继承了老一代的特点,甚至比后者更依赖老家的信息和社会联系;高学历流动人口在流入地的深度社会融入使其能够利用本地化社会资本,再流动的空间选择也与流入地居民更为类似。     

半滑舌鳎促黄体激素受体基因片段的克隆及组织表达分析

采用巢式RT-PCR法克隆了半滑舌鳎Cynoglossus semilaevis促黄体激素受体(Luteinizing Hormonene Receptor, LHR)基因部分序列,经过BLAST比对,认为该序列与庸鲽、牙鲆、黑鲷、尼罗罗非鱼、青鳉和红鳍东方鲀的LHR基因同源性分别为97%,94%,85%,83%,82%和80%.该基因片段长度为614 bp,编码204个氨基酸,含有典型的跨膜螺旋结构区域(TM helix),属于糖蛋白激素受体(GHR)家族.组织表达分析表明,LHR基因在半滑舌鳎的卵巢、精巢、肝脏、胃、肠、鳃、心、脾、肾、头肾和脑中均有表达,表达量有所不同,以脾和肾中表达量最丰富.     

完备格上的表现定理及其应用

在完备格的条件下讨论了Ｌ集合套的性质,给出了表现定理,最后指出了表现定理在ＬＦ代数理论中的应用。     

A baroclinic typhoon model with a moving multi-nested grid and variational adjustment initialisation I. Numerical method

INTRODUCTIONIt is well-known that a typhoon has a strong wind zone and very steep pressure gradient. Thespatial and temPOral variations of the meteorological quantities within a typhoon are much largerthan that in a common synOPtic system and it involves strong convective activities. The details ofthe structures and physical processes of typhoons need to be properly resolved when we do the numerical simulation. When designing a typhoon model, however, the effect of large scale synopticsy…     

Intrinsic versus extrinsic variability of analogue sand-box experiments – Insights from statistical analysis of repeated accretionary sand wedge experiments

Analogue models are not perfectly reproducible even under controlled boundary conditions which make their interpretation and application not always straight forward. As any scientific experiment they include some random component which can be influenced both by intrinsic (inherent processes) and extrinsic (boundary conditions, material properties) sources. In order to help in the assessment of analogue model results, we discriminate and quantify the intrinsic versus extrinsic variability of results from “sandbox” models of accretionary wedges that were repeated in a controlled environment. The extrinsic source of variability, i.e. the parameter varied is the nature of the décollement (material, friction and thickness). Experiment observables include geometric properties of the faults (lifetime, spacing, dip) as well as wedge geometry (height, slope, length).For each variable we calculated the coefficient of variance (CV) and quantified the variability as a symmetric distribution (Normal, Laplacian) or asymmetric distribution (Gamma) using a Chi squared test (χ²). Observables like fault dip/back thrust dip (CV = 0.6–0.7/0.2–0.6) are less variable and decrease in magnitude with decreasing basal friction. Variables that are time dependent like fault lifetime (CV = 0.19–0.56) and fault spacing (CV = 0.12 – 0.36) have a higher CV consequently affecting the variability of wedge slope (CV = 0.12–0.33). These observables also increase in magnitude with increasing basal friction. As the mechanical complexity of the evolving wedge increases over time so does the CV and asymmetry of the distribution. In addition, we confirm the repeatability of experiments using an ANOVA test. Through the statistical analysis of results from repeated experiments we present a tool to quantify variability and an alternative method to gaining better insights into the dynamic mechanics of deformation in analogue sand wedges.     

Detecting and Enumerating New Building Structures Utilizing Very‐High Resolution Imaged Data and Image Processing

Abstract

Information on the number and type of new building structures is required by urban and transportation planners and the real estate industry. The goal of this paper is to explore the potential of high resolution imagery for meeting public and private sector demands for information on new buildings. The value of 1 m, 5 m, and 10 m panchromatic and 1 m color scanned aerial photography images acquired in 1997 and 1998 for a study area within the City of San Diego, California is assessed for general change detection and building enumeration. Both semi‐automated and interactive change‐detection approaches are evaluated. We demonstrate that interactive, visual‐based approaches appear to be the most accurate (within 1% of actual count) and efficient approach for generating information on the number of new buildings associated with single family residential land use. More automated approaches to detecting and enumerating image microfeatures may be useful as enhancements for visual‐based assessments and may be practical in areas composed mostly of large buildings associated with commercial and industrial land use. The highest accuracy for automated approaches was an undercounting of 11% for residential buildings and overcounting of 20% for those associated with commercial and industrial land use.     

Staggered nested designs to identify hierarchical scales of variability

Staggered nested sampling designs are virtually unknown in biology, but are widely used in manufacturing because they are highly efficient. I used a staggered nested design to address variation in the abundance of an intertidal clam Austrovenus stutchburyi (Gray) at four spatial scales. The scales were addressed by sampling cells containing five samples spaced at 50, 5, 0.5, and 0.05 m from one another. Estimates of variation from staggered nested designs can be made via ANOVA and principal component methods. ANOVA and principal component methods estimated roughly equal variability among those four spatial scales of abundance, and at all but the smallest scales variances were estimated very imprecisely. Staggered nested designs are highly efficient, applicable to any nested design, and deserve to be investigated more widely.     

Univariate data analysis system: deciphering mean compositions of island and continental arc magmas,and influence of the underlying crust

Our aim is to determine the mean compositions of modern island and continental arcs, along with dispersion estimates, and use them to evaluate their similarities and differences in such subduction settings. First, following the conventional approach, the statistical parameters of mean, median, and standard deviation were simply calculated from the available combined data from all island or continental arcs. However, it is mandatory to ascertain from significance tests that all island or continental arcs used for these estimates are statistically similar in their compositions before combining the data from different arcs and calculating the mean values and their uncertainties for the chemical parameters of interest. A new computer program, Univariate Data Analysis System (UDASYS), was developed for this purpose because the available programs are not efficient for applying the significance test of analysis of variance (ANOVA) to large numbers of sample groups, as in the present work. Compositional data for 16 island and 12 continental arcs around the world were compiled and processed in UDASYS. The best compositional estimates for all three types of magmas (basic, intermediate, and acid) from island and continental arcs were statistically evaluated to document, for the first time, significant differences for 64–94% of the geochemical parameters under study. These differences in large-ion lithophile elements, light rare earth elements, high-field strength elements, and numerous log-ratios are likely caused by different types of underlying crust beneath island and continental arcs. More specifically, the examination of two nearby arcs, Izu-Bonin (island) arc and Japan (continental) arc, confirmed that about 65–77% of the parameters showed significant differences, which may be related to the different types of crusts beneath these spatially close areas. The differences between the log-ratios of island and continental arc basic magmas further indicate that new multi-dimensional discrimination diagrams can certainly be proposed in future to discriminate such basic magmas from these two very similar tectonic settings, which at present is possible only from diagrams for intermediate and acid magmas.