Heavy metal sources in Sultan Marsh and its neighborhood,Kayseri, Turkey

Sultan Marsh (Turkey) is one of the largest wet lands of the Middle East and Europe. The aim of this study was to determine average concentrations of heavy metals, variations of the obtained values in a large scale, geogenic and anthropogenic sources of the pollution and effects of the pollution on the environment in Sultan Marsh. To these aims, a total of 176 surface soil samples (0–10 cm depth) were collected from 80 ha land in Sultan Marsh. Using a bench-top Spectro-Xepos X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, we analyzed all samples to determine the near-total concentrations of 26 chemical elements. Basic and multivariate statistics were used for statistical analyses. GIS mapping, a powerful tool for identifying possible sources of pollutants, was used to classify and identify the elements. Relatively high concentrations of the elements Fe, Pb, Zn, Sb, W, Mo, Co, Cu, Hg, Ni, Cr, Mn and Cd were found in Sultan Marsh, surrounding rocks (geogenic sources), mines of Fe and Pb/Zn, industrial facilities, residential and agricultural areas and major traffic routes (anthropogenic sources).     

中国碳排放的空间格局及分布动态演进——基于县域碳排放数据的实证研究

基于中国1997—2017年2725个县域单元的碳排放数据,采用标准差椭圆、Theil指数三阶段嵌套分解和Kernel密度估计等方法,全面考察中国碳排放的空间格局及分布动态演进。研究发现：① 中国碳排放由1997年的30.97亿t增长到2012年的93.08亿t,年均增长达到7.86%,而后围绕93亿t上下波动,未出现下降的拐点。② 在空间分布上,中国碳排放呈现东高西低的分布格局,表现出东北-西南方向向心集聚、西北-东南方向空间发散的趋势。③ 在空间差异上,Theil指数三阶段嵌套分解结果表明,中国碳排放的总体差异呈下降趋势,地级行政单元内部差异的贡献率由1997年的43%增加到2017年49%,成为中国碳排放总体区域差异的主要来源。④ 在分布动态演进上,中国县域单元的碳排放存在空间收敛模式,具有显著的空间正相关性,地区间的相互作用影响中国碳排放的未来空间分布。     

PCBs in fish from the southern Baltic Sea: levels, bioaccumulation features, and temporal trends during the period from 1997 to 2006

Levels of seven marker polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been determined in five species of Baltic fish collected during 1997-2006. Downward time trends in the concentrations of heavier congeners of PCBs in different Baltic fish, with the exception of cod, have been observed between 1997 and 2001. In case of sprat and herring samples, the statistical significance of the time trends of the PCBs: 101, 118, 153, 138 and 180 concentrations has been proved. Species-specific bioaccumulation of PCBs has been indicated, and the lowest and highest levels of PCBs (expressed on the basis of lipid weight) have been observed in sprat and salmon samples, respectively. PCB profiles have been found to be similar in all the fish species tested. Sampling location has not been a crucial factor for the observed levels of various PCBs. In some fish species, PCB concentrations are negatively correlated with the fat content but have no relation with the fish length.     

基于巡回的北京市居民出行时空间决策的社区分异

国内以往关于城市空间结构与居民出行行为之间关系的研究主要建立在出行角度的分析之上,以巡回作为基本单元,从出行决策视角探讨居民出行时空间决策社区分异的研究尚少见报导。利用2007年北京市居民活动日志调查获取的第一手数据,构建基于巡回的出行时空间决策概念模型,并采用嵌套Logit对北京市居民工作日出行时空间决策的社区分异进行探讨。结果表明:居民巡回类型决策的社区分异较为显著,但会随出行目的变化而发生较大变化;巡回中主要活动起始时间决策的社区分异并不显著,但起始时间与活动类型存在较强的内在联系;出行距离及交通方式决策的社区分异较为显著,对单位社区及政策性住房社区应给予更多的研究和关注。     

南昌地区风沙化土地风沙地貌发育规模和风沙活动预测

本文通过对南昌地区风沙化土地扩展方式,沙源量及人为因素在风沙地貌发育中的作用等方面的分析,初步认为本风沙地貌发育规模不会很大,且目前已接近其顶锋状态。在建立GM(1,1)和方差分析(ANOVA)联合预测模型的基础上,对厚田地区三个月的干旱程度和冬季风沙活动强度进行预测,结果令人满意。     

Statistical Analysis of Nitrate Movement through the Soil in Central Kansas

An earlier investigation by the Kansas Geological Survey in central Kansas studied the movement of nitrate from fertilizer through soil into the groundwater. Nitrate concentrations in soil water were measured on samples collected at three locations during a three-year span, from sets of lysimeters buried at different depths. Although patterns seemed apparent in the resulting measurements, no statistical analyses were performed to test their significance; this re-study of the data uses analyses of variance to test for differences in nitrate concentration attributable to time and to depth in the soil. The mean nitrate concentration of samples collected in the first year of the experiment was significantly higher than the means of second and third year samples at all three locations, perhaps reflecting the confounding influence of a previous flooding experiment. ANOVAs of depth across years determined few significant differences in nitrate concentration with depth. The wintertime gap in measurements and unequal sampling through time precludes formal time-series analyses, but graphs of concentration versus time show that peak concentration occurs at later times with increasing depth, and that maximum concentration decreases with depth. These statistical analyses support the conclusions from the original investigation.     

Spectral Corrected Semivariogram Models

Fitting semivariograms with analytical models can be tedious and restrictive. There are many smooth functions that could be used for the semivariogram; however, arbitrary interpolation of the semivariogram will almost certainly create an invalid function. A spectral correction, that is, taking the Fourier transform of the corresponding covariance values, resetting all negative terms to zero, standardizing the spectrum to sum to the sill, and inverse transforming is a valuable method for constructing valid discrete semivariogram models. This paper addresses some important implementation details and provides a methodology to working with spectrally corrected semivariograms.     

1981年7月四川特大暴雨的数值预报和中尺度系统的分离

本文利用复杂地形条件下嵌套网格预报模式和欧洲中心(ECMWF)2.5°×2.5°的全球网格点资料,对“81.7”四川大暴雨进行了单向影响粗细网格嵌套48小时的个例预报试验;并根据滤波原理,利用最佳高通滤波器,将风场、位势高度场和温度场进行了中尺度分离。结果表明:本模式较好地预报了造成这次暴雨的中尺度系统发生、发展的过程;并对动力和热力影响作了一些粗浅的分析,本模式较好地描述了暴雨天气,细网格预报在某些方面有进一步改进。该尺度分离方法也能在扰动发展的早期阶段就能从大尺度背景场中将西南涡等中尺度系统清晰地分离出来,使我们能对影响这次暴雨的中尺度系统有进一步的认识。     

模式大气月尺度可预报性的对比研究

首先采用方差分析方法，研究了实际大气500 hPa高度场的月尺度可预报性，并进一步分析了不同空间尺度大气运动的可预报性及其对大气整体运动可预报性的影响；对ECMWF和国家气候中心T63谱模式分别模拟和预报的500 hPa高度场，也用同样的方法进行了研究。结果表明，欧洲中心和我国T63模式大气的可预报性均比实际大气可预报性小，特别是在对整体运动可预报性影响最大的0～3波部分，差异较大，说明改进模式对0～3波部分的预报能力，必将提高模式性能。     

空气质量数值模式预报中资料同化的初步研究

利用嵌套网格空气质量预报模式,在对上海市环境监测中心提供的观测数据进行必要的质量控制后,采用最优插值方法对可吸入颗粒物(PM10)、二氧化氮(NO2)和二氧化硫(SO2)进行资料同化。选取2004年8月1～20日做作逐日同化试验的结果表明,无论是PM10、NO2还是SO2,其同化偏差平均值均在20μg.m-3以下,比同化前减少了至少50%;3种污染物的同化偏差小于其未同化偏差的天数均在16天以上。在大气清洁和污染两种情况下,对PM10分别作10天的同化试验表明,同化后的均方根误差均小于同化之前。此同化方法能利用观测数据较好地修正空气质量模式预报场,从而为模式提供与实际更加接近的初始场。