Geochemistry of the Jurassic and Upper Cretaceous shales from the Molango Region,Hidalgo, eastern Mexico: Implications for source-area weathering,provenance, and tectonic setting

This study focuses on the Jurassic (Huayacocotla and Pimienta Formations) and Upper Cretaceous (Méndez Formation) shales from the Molango Region, Hidalgo, Mexico. In this article, we discuss the mineralogy, major, and trace element geochemistry of the Mesozoic shales of Mexico. The goal of this study is to constrain the provenance of the shales, which belong to two different periods of the Mesozoic Era and to understand the weathering conditions and tectonic environments of the source region.     

嵌套网格空气质量预报模式系统的发展与应用

主要综述中国科学院大气物理研究所自主开发的嵌套网格空气质量预报模式系统(NAQPMS,Nested Air Quality Prediction Modeling System)的历史发展与应用情况.模式发展伊始为欧拉污染物输送实用模型,利用其研究东亚硫氧化物的跨国输送问题,得出中国对于周边国家的输送量不大的结论; 在系统中嵌入适合东亚的起沙机制模块,用来模拟沙尘发生、输送及沉降等过程,估算亚洲大陆沙尘气溶胶对海洋地区的输送与沉降通量,为研究海洋生物地球化学循环提供基础数据; 利用该系统研究沙尘及其土壤粒子对酸雨的中和作用,发现沙尘输送对东亚酸雨的分布影响很大; 发展城市尺度高分辨率气象和空气质量预报技术,使模式水平分辨率达到500 m,并应用于台北高浓度臭氧和PM10的模拟; 研究和集成区域及城市尺度大气污染预报理论和模拟技术,研制成目前的嵌套网格空气质量预报模式系统,以探讨不同尺度各种污染(如沙尘暴、城市光化学烟雾、酸雨、高浓度悬浮颗粒物等)的变化规律.在模式系统中初步建立资料同化模块,开展大气化学成分及沙尘输送模拟的资料同化研究.系统已经在北京、上海、深圳、郑州等城市环境监测中心实施空气质量的实时预报.未来,系统将集成到全球环境大气输送模式(GEATM),以实现从城市群到全球具有双向耦合功能的模式系统.     

Hierarchical decomposition of variance with applications in environmental mapping based on satellite images

A quadtree-based image segmentation procedure (HQ) is presented to map complex environmental conditions. It applies a hierarchical nested analysis of variance within the framework of multiresolution wavelet approximation. The procedure leads to an optimal solution for determining mapping units based on spatial variability with constraints on the arrangement and shape of the units. Linkages to geostatisiics are pointed out, but the HQ decomposition algorithm does not require any homogeneity criteria. The computer implementation can be parameterized by either the number of required mapping units or the maximum within-unit variance, or it can provide a spectrum of significances of nested ANOVA. The detailed mathematical background and methodology is illustrated by a salt-affected grassland mapping study (Hortobágy, Hungary), where heterogeneous environmental characteristics have been sampled and predicted based on remotely sensed images using these principles.     

Fitting the Linear Model of Coregionalization by Generalized Least Squares

In geostatistical studies, the fitting of the linear model of coregionalization (LMC) to direct and cross experimental semivariograms is usually performed with a weighted least-squares (WLS) procedure based on the number of pairs of observations at each lag. So far, no study has investigated the efficiency of other least-squares procedures, such as ordinary least squares (OLS), generalized least squares (GLS), and WLS with other weighing functions, in the context of the LMC. In this article, we compare the statistical properties of the sill estimators obtained with eight least-squares procedures for fitting the LMC: OLS, four WLS, and three GLS. The WLS procedures are based on approximations of the variance of semivariogram estimates at each distance lag. The GLS procedures use a variance–covariance matrix of semivariogram estimates that is (i) estimated using the fourth-order moments with sill estimates (GLS₁), (ii) calculated using the fourth-order moments with the theoretical sills (GLS₂), and (iii) based on an approximation using the correlation between semivariogram estimates in the case of spatial independence of the observations (GLS₃). The current algorithm for fitting the LMC by WLS while ensuring the positive semidefiniteness of sill matrix estimates is modified to include any least-squares procedure. A Monte Carlo study is performed for 16 scenarios corresponding to different combinations of the number of variables, number of spatial structures, values of ranges, and scale dependence of the correlations among variables. Simulation results show that the mean square error is accounted for mostly by the variance of the sill estimators instead of their squared bias. Overall, the estimated GLS₁ and theoretical GLS₂ are the most efficient, followed by the WLS procedure that is based on the number of pairs of observations and the average distance at each lag. On that basis, GLS₁ can be recommended for future studies using the LMC.     

Coupling a two-way nested primitive equation model and a statistical SST predictor of the Ligurian Sea via data assimilation

A primitive equation model and a statistical predictor are coupled by data assimilation in order to combine the strength of both approaches. In this work, the system of two-way nested models centred in the Ligurian Sea and the satellite-based ocean forecasting (SOFT) system predicting the sea surface temperature (SST) are used. The data assimilation scheme is a simplified reduced order Kalman filter based on a constant error space. The assimilation of predicted SST improves the forecast of the hydrodynamic model compared to the forecast obtained by assimilating past SST observations used by the statistical predictor. This study shows that the SST of the SOFT predictor can be used to correct atmospheric heat fluxes. Traditionally this is done by relaxing the model SST towards the climatological SST. Therefore, the assimilation of SOFT SST and climatological SST are also compared.     

Connectivity of post-fire runoff and sediment from nested hillslopes and watersheds

Wildfire increases the potential connectivity of runoff and sediment throughout watersheds due to greater bare soil, runoff and erosion as compared to pre-fire conditions. This research examines the connectivity of post-fire runoff and sediment from hillslopes (< 1.5 ha; n = 31) and catchments (< 1000 ha; n = 10) within two watersheds (< 1500 ha) burned by the 2012 High Park Fire in northcentral Colorado, USA. Our objectives were to: (1) identify sources and quantify magnitudes of post-fire runoff and erosion at nested hillslopes and watersheds for two rain storms with varied duration, intensity and antecedent precipitation; and (2) assess the factors affecting the magnitude and connectivity of runoff and sediment across spatial scales for these two rain storms. The two summer storms that are the focus of this research occurred during the third summer after burning. The first storm had low intensity rainfall over 11 hours (return interval <1–2 years), whereas the second event had high intensity rainfall over 1 hour (return interval <1–10 years). The lower intensity storm was preceded by high antecedent rainfall and led to low hillslope sediment yields and channel incision at most locations, whereas the high intensity storm led to infiltration-excess overland flow, high sediment yields, in-stream sediment deposition and channel substrate fining. For both storms, hillslope-to-stream sediment delivery ratios and area-normalised cross-sectional channel change increased with the percent of catchment that burned at high severity. For the high intensity storm, hillslope-to-stream sediment delivery ratios decreased with unconfined channel length (%). The findings quantify post-fire connectivity and sediment delivery from hillslopes and streams, and highlight how different types of storms can cause varying magnitues and spatial patterns of sediment transport and deposition from hillslopes through stream channel networks.     

A NUMERICAL ANALYSIS ON TYPHOON ASYMMETRIC STRUCTURE AND MOTION

Five prediction experiments are carried out with two typhoons in 1992 using a limitedarca primitiveequations and two-way interactive model in a movable,nested mesh. The result indicates good agreementin terms of motion between the prediction and observation. Studying the asymmetric structure in the cases selected, a close link is uncovered between the temporal evolutions of the structure and the track of motion in a tropical cyclone. Understanding of real asymmetric structure will help to improve the skill offorecasting tropical cyclones.     

南京市居民网络购物行为特征——以书籍和衣服为例

随着信息通讯技术(ICT)的飞速发展,网络购物日益成为当今社会经济生活的重要组成部分,深刻影响了居民的购物消费行为和传统零售业的发展。不同国家、不同人群、不同商品类型的居民购物行为具有一定差异。本文在问卷调查的基础上,分析南京市居民网络购物行为特征,并区分不同商品类型的居民网购行为特征差异,对理解网络购物和实体购物相互作用关系及网购对于交通出行和城市零售业空间的影响具有重要意义。结果表明：居民网络购物行为是一个复杂的过程,不同类型商品、不同频率网购人群在社会经济属性、空间特征、网络使用及购物习惯、购物态度上有明显差异,其中不同频率网购衣服的人群在特征上的差异更为显著,体验型商品对网络购物这一新型购物方式的响应更为强烈。     

Application of finite volume coastal ocean model to hindcasting the wind-induced sea-level variation in Fukuoka bay

The wind-induced sea-level variations at Hakata tidal station in winter are reproduced realistically using a one-way nested model. This nested model is constructed with a structured finite-difference Princeton Ocean Model (POM) for the Tsushima-Korea Straits, and an unstructured Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM) for Fukuoka Bay divided into triangular-cell grids. The correlation coefficient and root-mean-square error between observed and modeled results are 0.742 and 1.88 [cm], respectively. Moreover, the results show that the nested model with FVCOM is more accurate than the model in which FVCOM is replaced with a high-resolution POM for Fukuoka Bay. This indicates that the nested model constructed with structured and unstructured models works effectively in hindcasting the wind-induced sea-level variations.     

区域模式的嵌套边界条件研究

在对现今常用的几种嵌套边界条件进行对比研究的基础上，提出一种普遍边界条件，它可以在不同的假定转变成各种常用的嵌套侧边界条件。由此可清晰地分析对比各种常用嵌套边界条件作用时的优缺点以及应注意的问题。