Stone cover and slope factors influencing hillside surface runoff and infiltration: laboratory investigation

In this study, laboratory rainfall simulation in an extensive area was used to study the infiltration, and interception and storage from surface runoff in points with different stone cover percentages (0, 10, 20 and 30%) and slopes (5°, 10° and 20°). The experimental results of this study showed that the interrelationships among the slope, stone cover percentage, groundwater level, surface runoff amount, and interception and storage of the ponds were varied and irregular. No systematic patterns were detected for the change in the groundwater level, surface runoff amount, and interception and storage of the ponds with different stone cover percentages at different slopes and no threshold values were apparent. For a 5° slope, if the stone cover percentage was increased, the amount of surface runoff was reduced, the infiltration and the groundwater level experienced no significant change, and the interception and storage of the ponds increased. For a 10° slope, if the stone cover percentage was increased, the amount of surface runoff increased, the infiltration decreased, the groundwater level experienced no significant change or decreased slightly at certain points, and the interception and storage of the ponds increased. For a 20° slope, if the stone cover percentage was increased, the amount of runoff increased, the infiltration decreased, the groundwater level experienced no significant change or decreased slightly at certain points, and the interception and storage of the ponds increased. With or without stone cover, when the hydraulic conductivity of the top material is close to that of fine sand or laterite, an increase in the slope gradient decreased the amount of surface runoff and increased the storage amount of the ponds. As for the stone distribution, an interlaced style showed better performance in the interception and storage of ponds than that of a regular style. There was no significant change in the groundwater level. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

江西宜丰县大港超大型含锂瓷石矿床地质特征及成因机制探讨

大港含锂瓷石矿床产于宜丰钽铌锂稀有金属成矿带甘坊花岗岩岩体内,属典型的含锂云母碱长花岗岩型矿床。含锂瓷石矿体厚度21.62~148.88 m,其中w（Al₂O₃）为15.38%~23.97%,w（Li₂O）为0.30%~1.06%,同时伴生Rb、Cs、Ta、Nb等稀有金属。矿石矿物组成为钠长石、锂云母或锂白云母,白度达80%以上。化学组成上,表现出富硅,贫铁、镁、钛,高磷的特征;铝饱和指数A/CNK值大于1.20,Zr/Hf比值（< 12）与Nb/Ta比值（< 2）极低,表明具有高分异的过铝质S型花岗岩特性。由构造环境判别图解可知,大港含锂云母碱长花岗岩应形成于同碰撞或后碰撞早期阶段的伸展构造背景下,极低的CaO/Na₂O比值（< 0.2）,指示岩体的源区应为富黏土矿物的变质泥质岩。     

南沙珊瑚砂的动剪切模量和阻尼比特性试验研究

珊瑚砂的物理力学性质与陆相沉积物有显著的差异。对南沙岛礁饱和珊瑚砂进行了不排水应变控制分级循环加载动三轴试验,研究了有效围压 和相对密实度Dr对饱和珊瑚砂动剪切模量和阻尼比特性的影响。通过与陆源砂砾土试验结果的对比发现：珊瑚砂与陆源砂砾土在最大动剪切模量Gmax、动剪切模量比G/Gmax曲线及其上下界、参考剪应变 、阻尼比? 曲线及其上下界等均存在显著的差异;珊瑚砂的Gmax比陆源砂的大,采用陆源砂Gmax的经验模型,珊瑚砂的Gmax将被低估约30%;珊瑚砂的非线性稍弱于陆源砂砾土,陆源砂砾土G/Gmax和? 的经验公式不适用于珊瑚砂。给出了珊瑚砂G/Gmax和? 的经验公式及相关参数。     

珊瑚砂三维孔隙微观特性研究

孔隙是多孔介质内渗流的发生场所,与介质渗透性存在必然的联系。珊瑚砂因其特殊的物质来源和形成过程,较陆源砂具有截然不同的孔隙特性。通过一系列微观研究手段,从本质上揭示了珊瑚砂特殊孔隙性质的原因。研究发现,从孔隙形状、孔喉尺寸和整体连通性3个角度描述孔隙性质较为合理。其中,孔隙形状用形状因子度量,孔喉尺寸包括孔隙半径和喉道半径,珊瑚砂多孔介质整体连通性利用配位数进行描述。而影响孔隙形状、孔喉尺寸和整体连通性的主导因素包括颗粒形状和颗粒表面粗糙度两方面。其中颗粒形状主要影响孔隙形状、喉道尺寸、孔喉尺寸离散性和介质内部连通性的均匀分布情况。颗粒表面粗糙度主要影响孔隙形状、孔隙形状离散性、孔隙尺寸和介质整体连通性。     

浙江多色青田石岩石地球化学特征及成因

多色青田石是浙江青田石中的一个重要品种,具颜色丰富、纹理多变的特点。通过岩相学观察、X射线粉晶衍射物相分析、全岩主量及微量元素和同位素地球化学分析,对多色青田石的岩石学特征、矿物成分、类型划分进行详细研究,并论证了多色青田石的成矿物质、成矿流体来源及成因。研究表明:多色青田石按主要组成矿物划分属于叶蜡石型青田石和绢云母型青田石;其颜色主要与组成矿物中Fe、Ti、Cr、Mn致色元素的类型和含量有关,其次与赤铁矿(褐铁矿)浸染组成矿物的微晶间隙和充填微裂隙有关。多色青田石的成矿母岩为中酸性火山岩,成矿流体来源与大气降水有关。多色青田石主要由早期充填成因的叶蜡石矿物和晚期由中低温热液蚀变改造早期叶蜡石形成的绢云母矿物构成,是多期多阶段热液蚀变交代成矿作用的产物,多色青田石中常保留高温矿物红柱石。     

Salt weathering: influence of evaporation rate,supersaturation and crystallization pattern

Micro- and macroscale experiments which document the dynamics of salt damage to porous stone have yielded data which expose weaknesses in earlier interpretations. Previously unexplained differences are found in crystal morphology, crystallization patterns, kinetics and substrate damage when comparing the growth of mirabilite (Na₂SO₄. 10H₂O) and thenardite (Na₂SO₄) versus halite (NaCl). The crystallization pattern of sodium sulphate was strongly affected by relative humidity (RH), while a lesser RH effect was observed for sodium chloride. Macroscale experiments confirmed that mirabilite (crystallizing at RH > 50 per cent) and thenardite (crystallizing at RH < 50 per cent) tend to form subflorescence in highly localized areas under conditions of constant RH and temperature. This crystallization pattern was more damaging than that of halite, since halite tended to grow as efflorescence or by filling the smallest pores of the stone in a homogeneous fashion, a result which contradicts Wellman and Wilson's theoretical model of salt damage. Low RH promoted rapid evaporation of saline solutions and higher supersaturation levels, resulting in the greatest damage to the stone in the case of both sodium sulphate and sodium chloride crystallization. At any particular crystallization condition, sodium chloride tended to reach lower supersaturation levels (resulting in the crystallization of isometric crystals) and created negligible damage, while sodium sulphate reached higher supersaturation ratios (resulting in non-equilibrium crystal shapes), resulting in significant damage. ESEM showed no damage from sodium sulphate due to hydration. Instead, after water condensation on thenardite crystals, rapid dissolution followed by precipitation of mirabilite took place, resulting in stone damage by means of crystallization pressure generation. It is concluded that salt damage due to crystallization pressure appears to be largely a function of solution supersaturation ratio and location of crystallization. These key factors are related to solution properties and evaporation rates, which are constrained by solution composition, environmental conditions, substrate properties, and salt crystallization growth patterns. When combined with a critical review of salt damage literature, these experiments allow the development of a model which explains variations in damage related to combinations of different salts, substrates and environmental conditions. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新疆尼勒克县吉仁台沟口遗址石器功能分析:来自植物微体遗存的证据

新疆地处欧亚大陆中心,自然环境复杂,生业经济形式多样,东西方文化交流频繁,是了解欧亚大陆古代人类活动和文化发展的重要区域.从新石器时代至青铜时代在该区域出土了丰富的石制品,但对其功能的研究较少,尤其是一些中国内地不常见,而与中亚、欧亚草原类型相似的石器.本文对新疆伊犁地区青铜时代吉仁台沟口遗址(82.77°E,43.84°N;3600~3000 cal.a B.P.)出土的具有安德罗诺沃文化特征的长条形石磨盘、石杵和饼形石器的表层残留物进行了淀粉粒和植硅体分析,为这些石器的功能研究提供了直接证据.分析结果显示,石器表面的淀粉粒来自禾本科小麦族(the tribe Triticeae)和某些块根块茎类植物,而石器表面发现的775粒植硅体中,粟类作物稃片植硅体占9%,其他类型的植硅体以早熟禾亚科(Pooideae)型和棒型为主,另在石杵上发现栝楼属(Trichosanthes)植物果皮植硅体及植物组织.结合遗址中大植物遗存证据,研究结果表明:石磨盘曾用于研磨麦类作物种子和某些块根块茎类植物,石杵亦用于麦类作物研磨,但也对粟类作物进行脱壳以及加工栝楼属植物果实.用于分析的饼形石器有两种类型,第一类为打制饼形石器,残留物中的植物遗存显示可能与石磨盘组合用于加工植物的块根块茎;第二类为磨制饼形石器,其表面发现极少量粟类稃片植硅体,推测其可能用于粟类作物脱粒.研究结果为新疆伊犁地区考古遗址出土安德罗诺沃文化石器的功能、农作物加工过程,以及古代社会生计模式的认识提供了依据;石器残留物中块根块茎类淀粉粒以及农作物植硅体的发现,是对已有大植物遗存分析结果的进一步补充.     

水硒铁石的再次发现及其环境意义

渔塘坝是湖北恩施地区较为典型的人畜硒中毒区之一.继渔塘坝富硒碳质页岩中首次发现水硒铁石矿物之后,又在渔塘坝废弃石灰窑附近的"石煤"废渣表层松散的堆积物中发现了水硒铁石矿物.同前期发现的微小晶体状水硒铁石相比较,此次发现的水硒铁石矿物粒度大小不等,粒径几μm至上百μm.颗粒主要呈他形,以细小颗粒的团聚体、充填岩石裂隙的脉状和颗粒粗大具有一定矿物晶形的方式产出.自然硒也与水硒铁石伴生,或分布在其内部,或分布在其周围.电子探针的成分扫描表明铁、硒的面分布略有差异,主要体现在自然硒的伴生方面.这表明表生氧化条件下硒阳离子与铁氧化物的强烈结合趋势,或形成低溶解度的矿物、或吸附与络合,在硒的表生迁移转化中起着固定硒的重要作用.     

波流耦合下桩周珊瑚砂冲刷机理研究

针对我国南海某岛礁珊瑚砂地基上的圆形桩基础,采用N-S方程k-ε模型、双向耦合方式跟踪流场中颗粒运动轨迹的方法,对桩周珊瑚砂的冲刷规律进行了求解,分析了桩体周围流体的速度场以及桩体表面剪应力场的分布规律,同时对桩周珊瑚砂冲刷坑的形成过程进行了模拟。计算结果表明,在桩体周围形成的马蹄形漩涡和桩柱后方的尾涡作用下,桩周土体出现了较为明显的冲刷现象,涡旋的释放显著地影响着珊瑚砂地基上桩基的冲刷坑形状;而且,由于珊瑚砂颗粒密度较石英砂小,水动力作用下桩周冲刷坑更容易形成,所以实际工程中需要考虑有效的防护措施。     

基于AutoCAD断面法土石方量计算与展绘程序

介绍基于数字地形图直接进行断面图提取绘制的程序设计方法,并结合实例介绍了该程序在土石方计算中的应用。