敦化地区玄武岩的开发利用前景

本文介绍了敦化地区玄武岩的分布范围、厚度和目前开发利用状况。玄武岩除了做石材外,还有一个新的用途——生产玄武岩纤维,它用途广泛,性能优良。国外已开发利用多年,我国刚刚起步。在敦化地区无论是开采玄武岩石材还是生产玄武岩纤维其前景都十分广阔。     

循环单剪下珊瑚钙质砂和普通硅质砂剪切特性对比研究

对普通硅质砂和西沙群岛珊瑚钙质砂开展多级正应力下循环单剪试验,对比多循环周期下两种砂土剪切性质和颗粒破碎的差异。研究发现,两种砂样在循环剪切下体积变化都比较微弱,剪切过程中存在阶段性剪胀,使得试样的轴向位移呈波动变化;循环单剪下剪应力峰值包络线可以用联合型指数函数表达;剪应力随循环周期变化分为同步阶段和差异阶段,两个阶段转变节点对应的循环周期数随着正应力的增大而迅速减小;同步增长阶段珊瑚钙质砂和普通硅质砂的剪应力变化一致,在差异阶段普通硅质砂的剪应力要高出珊瑚钙质砂。两种砂剪应力差异程度随试验正应力不同而变化,普通硅质砂剪应力最大可高出珊瑚钙质砂14.7%;珊瑚钙质砂和普通硅质砂的颗粒破碎存在明显差异,珊瑚钙质砂全粒径范围内颗粒破碎分布更均衡,普通硅质砂在特定粒径区间内出现了剧烈的颗粒破碎,颗粒级配曲线存在明显拐点。普通硅质砂和珊瑚钙质砂滞回曲线的形状及随循环次数的变化规律有显著差异,是两种砂样剪切性质不同的重要体现。     

Reliability-based design of spread footings on clays reinforced with aggregate piers

ABSTRACT

The economical and safe design of footings supported on aggregate-pier-reinforced clay could benefit from the implementation of a reliability-based approach that incorporates the different sources of uncertainty. Monte Carlo simulations are conducted to quantify the probability distribution of the ultimate bearing capacity for practical design scenarios. A reliability analysis is then conducted to propose design charts that yield the required factor of safety as a function of the major input parameters. The novelty in the proposed methodology is the incorporation of a lower bound shear strength that is based on the remoulded undrained shear strength in the reliability analysis.     

溶出珊瑚砂中Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)的动力学实验研究及其影响因素

通过改变固液比、摇床转速、珊瑚砂粒径、温度、溶液pH值及溶液含盐量等参数,对珊瑚砂在水溶液中溶出Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)进行了实验,以探讨溶出过程中的动力学规律和影响因素。实验结果表明,珊瑚砂中Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)溶出量随反应时间逐渐增大;摇床转速越快、固液比越大、温度越高、溶液pH值越低,Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)溶出量越大;当珊瑚砂粒径为2.36~4.75 mm、溶液含盐量为100 mg/L时,Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)溶出量最大。统计分析表明,摇床转速、温度及溶液p H值均对珊瑚砂溶出有显著影响,但溶液p H值影响最大。珊瑚砂在水中的溶出过程符合收缩核内扩散模型,表明控制整个溶出过程反应速率的决定因素是内扩散速率;在15~40℃时,珊瑚砂在纯水中溶出Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)的活化能分别为78.07和74.91 k J/mol。     

Triassic Scleractinian Corals in China: A Review of Present Knowledge

Scleractinian corals appeared during the Anisian period of the Triassic after the end-Permian mass extinction, which in Triassic were distinct from the Jurassic-Cretaceous scleractinian corals. The study on Triassic scleractinian coral fauna as a separate field is significant for exploring the development and evolution of modern corals and investigating environmental changes since the Mesozoic. The first Triassic coral in China was reported in 1925, and since then, nearly 25 articles dealing with taxonomy and 17 papers about fossil reports on Triassic scleractinian corals in China have been published, which refer to 60 genera and 312 species, 49 localities and 25 strata. In this paper, the history, taxonomy, localities, stratigraphic distribution, current research, and existing knowledge gaps of the Triassic scleractinian corals in China are reviewed. More specifically, the research findings of the Triassic scleractinain coral in China since 1925 are discussed; the species of the Triassic scleractian coral fossil reported in China, has been examined and its synonyms have been sorted out; the geographical distributions of the Middle and Late Triassic scleractinian corals in China are systematically treated; the Triassic coral biostratigraphy in China has been improved; and the stratigraphic ranges of existing genera and species are provided. The above conclusions are presented in the form of complete figures. At the same time, we analyzed shortcomings in current research and identified productive future research directions of the Triassic scleractinian corals in China.     

Tropical coral reef coral patterns in Indonesian shallow water areas close to underwater volcanic vents at Minahasa Seashore,and Mahengetang and Gunung Api Islands

Coral community patterns on some Indonesian reefs influenced by CO₂ from underwater volcanic vents and nutrients from eutrophication pressures were examined. The overall aim of the study was to provide an insight into the significance of future ocean acidification compared to eutrophication pressures on tropical coral communities. Coral cover and seawater characteristics at acidified sites (with varied levels of eutrophication), i.e., moderate acidification (pH: 7.87 ± 0.04), low acidification (pH: 8.01 ± 0.04) and reference (pH: 8.2 ± 0.02), were observed at reefs associated with Minahasa Seashore, and Mahengetang and Gunung Api Islands. Results showed that coral community patterns varied among locations and acidified sites, e.g., domination of families such as Alcyoniidae, Acroporidae, Poritidae and Heliporidae, and with different levels of abiotic cover. Surprisingly, pH was not detected as the major determining factor. This finding probably relates to tropical seawater temperatures being high enough to still allow for aragonite deposition even at pH values down to 7.8. Nutrients (phosphate and dissolved inorganic nitrogen) were shown to be the main determining factors that influenced community patterns on the observed coral reefs. Overall, the results indicate that tropical coral reef community patterns will continue to vary as pH decreases to the predicted oceanic value of pH 7.8 over the next 100 years, and bio‐geo‐ecological characteristics and anthropogenic pressures will be the major factors determining Indonesian tropical coral community structure, compared to pH.     

Current status of coral takeover by an encrusting excavating sponge in a Caribbean reef

On Caribbean reefs, the excavating sponge Cliona tenuis opportunistically colonized dead skeletons of the elkhorn coral Acropora palmata after its massive die‐off in the 1980s. Further C. tenuis population increase occurred by colonization of other coral species, causing coral tissue death through undermining of live tissue and lateral growth. To follow up on a previous (2001) characterization of the abundance and size structure of C. tenuis at Islas del Rosario (Colombia), these factors were again estimated in 2014, along with its substratum utilization. The fate of sponge individuals colonizing massive coral colonies marked in 2001–2004 was also followed. By 2014 C. tenuis was still disproportionally occupying dead A. palmata branches, but its abundance and density, and the cover of other benthic elements, had not significantly changed over the 13‐year period, suggesting that a stasis has been reached. Cliona tenuis was thus initially favored in the 1980s, but substratum monopolization did not occur. From 2001 to 2014, small individuals increased in number and very large ones decreased, suggesting not only that new recruitment is occurring, but also that larger sponges are shrinking or fragmenting. Marked sponges continued killing corals over the first few years, but over longer times they retreated or died, allowing corals to resume upward growth. However, it could not be ascertained whether the sponge retreat was age‐related or the result of some environmental effect. The apparent preference for recently dead clean coral by larvae of C. tenuis and its current dynamics of recruitment, growth, fragmentation and mortality have stabilized its space occupation at Islas del Rosario.     

Evidence of a common understanding of proximate and distal drivers of reef health

Marine management has typically prioritised natural science methodological traditions as an evidence base for decision-making; yet better integration of social science methods are increasingly shown to provide a more comprehensive picture to base management decisions. Specifically, perceptions-based assessments are gaining support, as they can provide efficient and holistic evaluation regarding management issues. This study focuses on coral reefs because they are particularly threatened ecosystems, due to their ecological complexity, socio-economic importance, and the range of environmental drivers that impact them. Research has largely concentrated on assessing proximate threats to coral reefs. Less attention has been given to distal drivers, such as socio-economic and governance factors. A common understanding of threats related to coral reef degradation is critical for integrated management that takes account of peoples’ concerns. This study compares perceptions of drivers of reef health among stakeholders (n = 110) across different sectors and governance levels, in four Caribbean countries. Interview data identified 37 proximate and 136 distal drivers, categorised into 27 themes. Five sub-groups of themes connecting proximate and distal drivers were identified. Perceptions of two of these narratives, relating to ‘fishing and socioeconomic issues’ and ‘reef management and coastal development’, differed among respondents from different countries and sectors respectively. However, the findings highlight a shared perception of many themes, with 18 of the 27 (67%) mentioned by > 25% of respondents. This paper highlights the application of perceptions data for marine management, demonstrating how knowledge of proximate and distal drivers can be applied to identify important issues at different context-specific scales.     

珊瑚混凝土在海洋环境中氯离子扩散实验

采用自然扩散法研究了珊瑚混凝土在海水环境中的氯离子扩散特性,探讨了养护龄期、暴露时间和环境差异性对珊瑚混凝土表观氯离子扩散系数的影响。结果表明:随着暴露时间的延长,珊瑚混凝土的表观氯离子扩散系数呈幂指数衰减规律;且延长养护龄期可降低珊瑚混凝土的表观氯离子扩散系数;随着强度等级增加,混凝土的表观氯离子扩散系数降低。我国实际海洋工程中珊瑚混凝土结构的表观氯离子扩散系数比实验室条件要提高3个数量级。因此,适当延长养护时间、提高强度等级有助于延长珊瑚混凝土结构在海洋环境的服役寿命。     

厦门白哈礁海域石珊瑚的分类鉴定

根据传统形态学分类方法,对2015年5~11月厦门白哈礁海域进行的珊瑚资源调查所采集到的8个石珊瑚样本进行了初步分类鉴定.通过对比鉴定文献和图集,结果显示:厦门白哈礁海域分布的石珊瑚有6种,分别是筒星珊瑚属的猩红筒星珊瑚(Tubastraea coccinea)、Tubastraea tagusensis和筒星珊瑚属未知种(Tubastraea sp.)以及木珊瑚属的未知种(Dendrophyllia sp.),木珊瑚科2个未知种(Dendrophylliidae sp.1、Dendrophylliidae sp.2).同历史文献对比显示,除了猩红筒星珊瑚外,其余5种都是厦门发现的新记录种.