A global inventory of coral reef stressors based on satellite observed nighttime lights

In this article, we present a satellite-based approach to gather information about the threat to coral reefs worldwide. Three chosen reef stressors – development, gas flaring and heavily lit fishing boat activity – are analysed using nighttime lights data derived from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) produced at the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, National Geophysical Data Center (NOAA/NGDC). Nighttime lights represent a direct threat to coral reef ecosystems and are an excellent proxy measure for associated human-caused stressors. A lights proximity index (LPI) is calculated, measuring the distance of coral reef sites to each of the stressors and incorporating the stressor's intensity. Colourized maps visualize the results on a global scale. Area rankings clarify the effects of artificial night lighting on coral reefs on a regional scale. The results should be very useful for reef managers and for state administrations to implement coral reef conservation projects and for the scientific world to conduct further research.     

陈家岭钒矿选矿工艺试验

采用钙法氧化焙烧——酸浸的方法从钒矿石中浸出钒,克服了钠化焙烧过程中产生的H2S、Cl2,实验了矿石物料粒度、氧化钙添加量、焙烧温度、焙烧时间、漫出温度、浸出时间、酸的浓度、浸出液固比对浸出率的影响,获得了88％的浸出率。实验表明,焙烧温度、酸的浓度、浸出温度、浸出时间、液固比是影响钒浸出率的重要因素。     

The use of local stone in the buildings of the Isle of Wight

The charm of the Isle of Wight, so much appreciated by visitors and the local population alike, is very much a combination of its delightful scenery and unique assemblage of vernacular buildings. These buildings range from isolated farmhouses to elaborate manor houses, castles and churches all constructed using the indigenous stone resources of the island. Today, these stone buildings, many of which date back to medieval times, are increasingly in need of conservation repair to maintain them for future generations. Essential to such conservation work is the safeguarding of the island's indigenous building stone sources as many of the stones used are unique to the island and no longer quarried. Protecting these stone sources could also provide stone for new building projects which would help to further enhance the character of the island's towns and villages.     

徐闻8种珊瑚共附生真菌的分离及初步鉴定

从徐闻珊瑚保护区的8种珊瑚中分离共附生真菌,以获得珊瑚共附生可培养真菌的多样性信息。选用5种培养基,采用平板涂布法培养分离共附生真菌,并进行形态鉴定。8种珊瑚共分离121株真菌,鉴定了其中97株真菌,分属于14个属,青霉属和枝孢霉为优势种属,其次是曲霉属和木霉属。二异角孔珊瑚上分离出22株,数量最多;盔型珊瑚上分离菌株数量最少仅8株。除优势种属外,不同珊瑚样品上真菌种类分布有较大差异,炭角菌属和葡萄穗霉菌属均来源于盔形珊瑚,镰刀菌属在盔形珊瑚和角孔珊瑚上较为常见,盔形珊瑚样品上还分离出2株散囊菌属,1株节菱孢属,因此盔形珊瑚的种群最为丰富;不同培养基分离真菌的能力不同,淀粉培养基分离的菌株最多占所有分离菌株的30.6%,CDA培养基最少,但种类特异。     

膨胀蔷薇珊瑚与壮实鹿角珊瑚的胚胎和幼虫发育

造礁石珊瑚的有性繁殖是修复珊瑚礁生态系统的有效途径之一.文章为国内首次报道造礁石珊瑚有性繁殖和幼体发育过程,为利用有性繁殖技术恢复珊瑚礁生态系统提供了发育生物学上的理论基础.海南省三亚市鹿回头海域的大部分珊瑚在2009年3月底至4月中发生有性繁殖行为.2009年4月11日晚采集膨胀蔷薇珊瑚Montipora turgescens和壮实鹿角珊瑚Acropora robusta自然排放的受精卵,研究其胚胎及幼虫发育的过程.通过连续观察和显微拍摄记录了2种珊瑚的受精卵发育过程,结果显示,受精卵经过分裂变为桑葚胚;桑葚胚经过进一步发育变形为虾片状,进而发育成盘状幼体;盘状幼体由四周向内弯曲形成碗状的结构,进而出现原肠胚及纤毛,发育成为椭圆型或圆形的浮浪幼虫;浮浪幼虫发生附着变态,长出触手,发育成珊瑚幼体.通过观察还发现,膨胀蔷薇珊瑚的卵母细胞中本身就含有黄褐色虫黄藻,壮实鹿角珊瑚的卵母细胞中没有虫黄藻,其共生的虫黄藻足在发育过程中从周围环境获得的.     

广西田林县石炭纪礁内海百合生态功能分析

本文以石炭纪的后生动物格架礁为例,从礁体生长过程和群落竞争关系的角度,对赋存于造礁生物群落中的海百合与造架珊瑚之间的关系,以及其在礁体发育过程中的作用进行详细探讨,揭示了礁生态系统内的生物因子之间的关系。研究发现：在礁体发育初期,以海百合为主的群落是造架珊瑚定殖的初始条件;在礁体的生长过程中,海百合与造架珊瑚之间存在一种受环境控制的竞争关系,两者在数量上呈现此消彼长的关系。当环境变化导致造架珊瑚死亡,礁体停止生长,海百合仍存活并不间断地为礁体提供沉积物,对已停止发育的珊瑚格架起到覆盖作用,从一定程度上保护了礁体     

Storm‐dominated sedimentation in a protected basin fringed by coral reefs,Nara Inlet,Whitsunday Islands,Great Barrier Reef,Australia

Hydrodynamic data and samples of bed sediment were collected from Nara Inlet, a small incised embayment in the Whitsunday Islands, central Great Barrier Reef. Measured tidal currents in the inlet do not exceed 0.2 ms^–1 even at spring tides. Swell waves dominate much of the inner shelf of the Great Barrier Reef but are absent from in the inlet due to the presence of a fringing reef at the inlet mouth. On the silty sand floor of the inlet, particle size decreases towards the inlet head. Most of the bed is too coarse to be remobilised by fair‐weather wave and tides, and we predict that bedload sediment transport thresholds are only exceeded in the inlet during cyclones. The observed distribution of bed sediments is consistent with landward dispersal of sediment under storm conditions. Over 20 m of (presumably Holocene) sediments occurs in the inlet and the seismic character of the infill is consistent with the observed textural variation of the modern sediments. We infer that sediment accumulation on the floor of the inlet has been storm dominated throughout much of the Holocene.     

重型动力触探在振冲施工质量控制及检测中的应用

振冲复合地基以其低成本、高效率等优势已经广泛的应用于水利水电、火电、工民建、石化、交通、市政、铁路等行业的地基处理中。振冲进行地基处理的规模和速度日新月异,使得施工过程中的质量控制变得非常重要。通过对重型动力触探在振冲碎石桩工程中的应用,论述了重型动力触探在振冲施工质量控制及检测中的重要性及适用性,并总结了其在工程中的应用经验。     

广东乳源彩石的矿物学特征及颜色成因研究

乳源彩石是具有华丽色彩的一种观赏石.采用偏光显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、电子探针、红外光谱仪以及X射线粉末衍射仪等测试手段对4块乳源彩石标本的显微结构、矿物组成和化学成分等进行测试与分析.结果表明,这些乳源彩石具有变粉砂结构,主要由石英组成（占总体质量分数的90％以上）,含少量云母,其它矿物的质量分数低,是一种浅变质的变石英粉砂岩;另外,4块乳源彩石样品的结晶度指数相近,结晶度指数最高的绿色样品推测是由于其含有后期充填的鲕状矿物导致.最后对乳源彩石样品的颜色成因进行了分析与探讨,认为其颜色为次生色,是由次生矿物组合、交代蚀变和氧化程度的不同而形成的.     

Physics of Atoll Groundwater Flow

Large-scale steady-state groundwater flow in atoll carbonate platforms results from temperature and salinity-induced density gradients. Atolls are built on top of a basaltic substrate that provides geothermal heating from beneath. Moreover, they are immersed in the tropical ocean where temperature decreases rapidly with depth. Groundwater circulation in these platforms has long been associated with the geothermal heat flux because it is capable of generating inward and upward flow of oceanic origin water by buoyancy effects. This study shows that hydraulic circulation occurs even in the absence of a geothermal flux because the combination of the cold subsurface ocean waters with the warm surface conditions is sufficient to maintain a convection cell within the carbonate platform. Using a one-dimensional analytical model, validated by more sophisticated two-dimensional simulations, we can investigate the interaction between these two driving forces. The flow rate inside the platform is, in fact, a function of the ratio of the geothermal flux to the temperature gradient in the ocean. It increases with the geothermal flux but decreases with the oceanic temperature gradient. This one-dimensional model also shows that taking salinity effects on density into account increases the flow rates transiting through the platform by a third.