Is there diversity in the New Urbanism? Analyzing the demographic characteristics of New Urbanist neighborhoods in the United States

The New Urbanism (NU) planning movement aspires to create socially diverse neighborhoods. It is unclear, however, whether this movement lives up to its aspirations in practice. In an effort to systematically examine this aspect of the movement, this paper analyzes age, family type, income, and race data of 70 NU neighborhoods in the United States. The paper uses a diversity index to compare the NU neighborhoods with control sites. Findings show that NU neighborhoods have lower racial diversity, but may have higher income diversity. Consideration of variations within the way NU is implemented reveals that the low racial diversity is associated with a single approach, but higher income diversity is associated with all variants. This paper argues that NU generates places that are more socially diverse than what is described in the literature and uses two case studies to explore the ways in which diversity is produced and its relation to gentrification.     

The modifiable areal unit problem in hedonic house-price models

When geographically aggregated data are included in hedonic models, the resulting coefficients are biased by the spatial scale and spatial configuration of variable measurement. We explore the effects of this modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) within the context of hedonic price models with an individual-level dependent variable. Specifically, we developed standard and spatial hedonic regression models in order to examine the effects of the MAUP on model fit and coefficient estimates. Our empirical analysis documents several significant scale and zoning effects in the hedonic modeling framework. First, neighborhood characteristics are clearly important in efforts to improve model fit—and they are more significant contributors in the standard model than in the spatial hedonic model. For aggregation scale, the model fit change of the standard model is relatively large, whereas the change is more modest for spatial models. The patterns of change in model fit for standard and spatial hedonic models clearly diverge from one another, implying the existence of a scale level showing a maximum functional range of the submarket on which scale dependencies are expected to have an impact. Regarding the zoning effect, the model fits for both standard and spatial hedonic models vary according to the submarket systems.     

社区商业模式选择的思考——以苏州工业园区邻里中心为例

在城市的旧社区商业改造和新社区商业开发过程中,建立合理的社区商业模式对于保障居民日常生活需求、改善社区商业交易环境、完善城市社区功能、提升城市面貌有着重要的现实意义。本文以苏州工业园区邻里中心为例,通过实地考察和问卷调查的方式,从区位、布置方式、业态组合、居民的消费行为等方面进行分析,论述新加坡邻里中心在苏州本地化过程中的成功经验,提出对国内社区商业模式选择的建议。     

Research Note: Neighborhoods as Territorial Units: The Case of Tel Aviv-Jaffa

This paper suggests a GIS-based methodology for the investigation of the extent to which the inhabitants of a representative sample of city residents perceives itself as living in socially constituted neighborhood territories. We ask residents about the relevancy of the neighborhood as a social unit and to delineate their neighborhood boundaries. We then define these delineations as polygons in GIS, measuring the tendency of neighbors to define merging territorial bases for their neighborhoods. Three possible patterns are identified: (1) lack of perceived boundaries resulting from the irrelevancy of the neighborhood, (2) personal senses of localities that do not merge into communal territories by immediate neighbors—in this case we conclude that residents experience some sense of locality but they do not share any common sense of neighborhood—and (3) the tendency of residents' delineations to merge with those of their neighbors demonstrating, by thus, the social constitution of communal sense of neighborhood. We conclude that in most of the city the neighborhood is marginally relevant with only several areas, located in the outer ring of the city, presenting a coherent territorial sense of neighborhood.     

城市元胞自动机扩展邻域效应的测量与校准研究

城市元胞模型由于在定量分析与预测城市动态的潜力而受到众多研究者的持续关注.邻域规则是主导城市元胞模型模拟过程的关键组件.研究表明,不同土地利用组合间存在显著的邻域效应,且邻域效应具有惯性、排斥和吸引等影响.然而,传统城市元胞模型主要考虑的是特定分辨率下较小窗口的邻域范围.本文尝试刻画更大窗口的邻域效应及其对元胞模型的影响.基于测量的扩展邻域因子,应用粒子群优化算法校准大窗口邻域规则,并创建了考虑扩展邻域效应的城市元胞模型.为验证模型有效性,将其应用于模拟厦门市1995-2010年期间的城市扩张动态.与3×3摩尔邻域的逻辑回归模型相比较,1995-2010年期间的建设用地模拟精度从80.7％提高到83.9％,总体精度从87.8％提高到89.6％,Kappa系数从70.0％提高到74.5％,表明考虑扩展邻域效应的城市模型取得了更好的模拟效果.     

The Globalization of a Panethnopolis: Richmond District as the New Chinatown in San Francisco

This paper briefly reviews the sociological literature on the “New” Chinatown phenomenon stressing its structural location vis-à-vis the “Old” Chinatown and the homeland. It defines the New Chinatown as a panethnopolis, that is a global neighborhood with a majority population of Chinese immigrants and of other ethnic groups of mostly Asian descent. It analyzes more particularly the formation, development, and integration of San Francisco’s Richmond District’s New Chinatown into both the city where it is located and the network of transglobal sites to which it belongs. It provides an interpretation of the New Chinatown as a cultural enclave within the context of globalization theory.     

基于两种插值算法的三维地质建模对比

三维地质建模过程中,插值算法对模型准确性具有显著影响。为评价不同插值算法对三维建模准确性的影响,本文选取反距离权重插值法和自然邻域插值法开展对比研究。通过理论分析和案例研究,从统计学原理、插值误差和可视化效果等三方面进行了对比分析。结果表明：反距离权重插值法在建模中精度较高,适应面更广。与自然邻域插值法相比,反距离权重插值法更加适用于地层缺失严重的层位,能够更好地保留地层缺失的特征;同时,反距离权重插值法能够更好地处理断层构造,对于地层的错断起伏情况表现效果更好;反距离权重插值法在沉积地层中误差更小,与实际情况更接近。     

基于邻域约束聚类的地球化学异常提取

通过分析地球化学数据的元素值属性和空间位置,提出一种基于邻域约束聚类的方法,使用该方法对地球化学元素聚类后,能提取矩形、环状、半环状等特殊形状,进而提取地球化学异常。选取河南崤山地区2个实验区的地球化学数据进行实验,实验一的结果表明,出现矩形的位置与已知钨矿矿点位置一致;实验二的结果表明,出现环形的位置与已知铜矿矿点位置一致。实验证明了基于邻域约束聚类的方法在提取地球化学异常方面的有效性。     

GIS的不同次区域之间相似性度量

GIS属性相似度量有相似系数及以空间位置的空间自相关.这2种方法都不能计算全域为背景的次区域相似性问题,而以隶属函数的粗糙度量很好地解决了这个问题.本文利用粗糙集计算了 GIS的离散型数据的次区域相似度量.利用邻域粗糙集计算了连续属性值的上下近似逼近,并利用邻域信息粒子计算连续属性值的粗糙隶属问题,从而计算连续属性值次区域相似度量问题.本文方法能度量次区域而不是全域或单个元素之间的空间相关与自相关问题,考虑了全区域背景下的GIS相似问题.并针对GIS连续属性值,利用距离函数和邻域粗糙集来划分连续属性的上下近似,以及分类问题,提出一种基于邻域信息粒子的粗糙隶属函数.最后利用粗糙相似度量公式度量GIS次区域的相似问题.     

基于iBeacon的精细室内定位方法研究

苹果公司发布的i Beacon作为一种粗精度位置感知服务体系,得到了广泛关注。针对更精细的广域位置服务,提出了基于i Beacon的无线指纹定位方法,并给出了图书馆的位置服务示例。