基于SWAN模式的“灿鸿”台风浪数值模拟

以第三代海浪模式SWAN(simulating wave nearshore,近岸海浪数值模型)为基础,构建了东中国海海域波浪数值模式,并以高时间、空间分辨率的CCMP(cross calibrated multi-platform,多平台交叉校正)风场作为驱动风场进行波浪计算,模拟了1509号"灿鸿"台风的波浪过程。同时,对SWAN模式中的底摩擦参数化方案、波浪破碎参数、风能输入与白冠耗散、波-波非线性相互作用等因素对台风浪模拟的影响进行了分析,并对模式中的各影响因素给出了建议。模拟结果与浮标实测有效浪高数据(舟山朱家尖站、南麂岛站、舟山外海站、温州外海站)两者之间的偏差较小,表明本研究所建立的模式以及选择的参数合理,SWAN和CCMP风场的结合能满足海洋波浪数值模拟的需求。本研究对于台风浪数值预报具有参考意义。     

The morphological response of a nearshore double sandbar system to constant wave forcing

Results of 2DH morphodynamic computations are presented to quantify the temporal evolution of the crescentic patterns emerging in a double nearshore bar system in response to constant wave boundary forcing. Sixteen different conditions varying both offshore wave height and angle of wave incidence were applied. The mean length scales of the emerging irregular crescentic patterns are linearly proportional to the local longshore velocity over the inner and outer bars. For similar longshore velocities, the length scales of the outer bar are larger than of the inner bar. This is explained by accounting for the difference in water depth above the bar crest. The variable morphological response times can be explained by including additional bathymetrical parameters. The active volume of the bar, defined by the breaker index, plays an important role in this response time. With larger active volumes the bar responds more rapidly to identical boundary conditions. Also, bars with a smaller total volume respond more quickly. This faster response is due to the steeper active volume of the bars. Different initial perturbations resulted in different locations of the emerging features, showing that their location is sensitive to the initial bathymetry. However, the range in length scales and response times due to the different perturbations was significantly smaller than those obtained for the different hydrodynamic conditions. Based on the present findings we hypothesize that morphological length scales in the field are rarely in equilibrium with the concurrent offshore wave height and angle of incidence owing to the slow response of the sandbars under constant conditions relative to the stochastic nature of natural wave forcing.     

粤西博贺沙坝-潟湖海岸及其近岸海床稳定状态分析

结合华南弧形海岸的平衡与稳定特征,利用Gis和Envi软件对不同年份的海图进行数字化、等深线变化和海床冲淤计算对比.结果表明博贺沙坝-潟湖海岸近岸线处为相对淤积的动态平衡状态,近岸带海床相对稳定、海床冲淤幅度不大.但由于当前海面趋于上升、陆架泥沙来源减少以及近岸波浪等动力作用可能加强,近岸海床将出现由淤转冲的趋势.     

Temporal occurrence of ichthyoplankton in relation to hydrographic and biological variables at a fixed station in the St Lawrence Estuary

Spring to autumn temporal distributions of ichthyoplankton and other oceanographic variables were measured at three nearshore stations in the lower St Lawrence Estuary in 1977 and 1978. The seasonal occurrence of various species of fish eggs and larvae was similar from one year to the next. Inshore-offshore gradients in abundance of eggs and larvae of different species appeared to be primarily related to the spawning location of each species. The semidiurnal variability was considerably less than the week-to-week variability in all physical and biological variables measured. The weekly variability is predominantly a function of spatiotemporal interactions, due to the geographic displacement of different water masses and their associated plankton in relation to the neap-spring tidal cycle. The timing and duration of spawning for each common species, inferred from ichthyoplankton distributions, suggest a unique combination of spawning and hatching times, ensuring a succession in the occurrence of larvae through time. Results of the temporal and spatial distributions of the different species of ichthyoplankton are discussed in terms of reduced competitive interactions. The relationship between ichthyoplankton distributions and the plankton production cycle in the St Lawrence Estuary is discussed in comparison with other areas.     

渤南洼陷北部陡坡带沙四上亚段成岩演化及其对储层物性的影响

综合利用岩芯观察、岩石铸体薄片、流体包裹体、岩芯实测物性并结合埋藏史分析,对渤南洼陷北部陡坡带沙四上亚段砂砾岩储层的成岩演化和物性演化特征进行了研究.结果表明:储层经历了强烈压实、碳酸盐灰泥重结晶、多期胶结和溶解以及复杂交代等成岩演化过程.结合成岩环境演化特征,认为储层经历了多期酸碱交替的流体演化,在同一成岩环境演化背景下,由于近岸水下扇不同亚(微)相沉积特征差异性,控制了不同亚(微)相成岩演化特征的差异性,并决定了其物性演化的差异性.采用反演回剥的方法对地史时期近岸水下扇砂砾岩储层的物性进行了恢复,可知对储层物性演化起到重要影响的有压实作用、碳酸盐胶结、碳酸盐灰泥重结晶作用、酸性溶解及油气充注,并建立了近岸水下扇不同亚(微)相储层物性演化模式:扇根砾岩在埋藏过程中成岩作用以压实作用和灰泥杂基重结晶作用为主,溶解作用微弱,物性持续降低,在中深层灰泥杂基的重结晶作用使扇根砾岩物性快速降低,现今物性极差,主要发育干层.扇中辫状水道距泥岩层较远的储层,由于两期酸性溶解对储层的改造以及油气充注对胶结作用的抑制,中深层仍发育大量原生孔隙和次生孔隙,储层物性较好,可作为良好的油气储集层.扇中辫状水道距泥岩层较近的储层、扇中水道间和扇缘储层成岩作用以强烈胶结作用和交代作用为主要特征,现今物性差,主要发育干层.     

海滩近岸带中尺度地形动力过程研究进展

海滩近岸带中尺度地形动力过程是海岸海洋科学研究的重要研究内容之一.近20年来该领域发展较快,取得了一些重要的成果.对近岸带中尺度地形动力过程的碎波带地形与沙坝、冲流带地形与滩角、海滩风暴响应、观测技术手段等主要领域的进展进行了总结和评述,并对我国海滩研究提出要从加强观测手段和制定长期观测计划两方面来加强的建议.     

内蒙古二连盆地阿北凹陷下白垩统近岸水下扇沉积特征*

阿北凹陷位于内蒙古二连盆地东北部,面积约600 km²,是二连盆地勘探潜力最大的凹陷之一。针对阿北凹陷复杂的地质构造,充分利用岩心、录井、测井以及地震等资料,详细分析了阿北凹陷北部陡坡带下白垩统近岸水下扇沉积特征和分布规律。研究表明,近岸水下扇和扇三角洲在岩相组合、沉积构造、粒度特征、电性特征和地震反射特征方面均有较大区别,综合反映以重力流为主的沉积环境。阿尔善期北部陡坡带发育大规模水下扇,扇体规模自下而上逐渐向北部物源方向减小,到腾格尔期沉积了一大套深湖—半深湖暗色泥岩,近岸水下扇砂砾岩体下切到深湖—半深湖暗色泥岩中,决定了研究区近岸水下扇砂体具有优越的成藏条件。     

福建沿海海域波浪能资源分析与评价

采用波浪模拟的方法,较准确计算得出福建沿海海域波浪能资源分布状况,并给出相应的分析和综合评价.主要结论如下:(1)福建沿海海域波浪能平均密度为2.6～7.3 kW/m,波浪能资源储量为2 210.45 MW,在我国沿海海域仅次于台湾和广东,是波浪能开发利用可以优先考虑的海区之一.(2)福建沿海海域波浪能资源储量的70%分布于平潭岛以北海域,其值达1 512.49 MW.其中,尤以北礵地区值最大,为378.80 MW.(3)以年平均波高为指标,福建沿海海域中东山区段为三类区,其他区段均为一类区和二类区,具有良好的开发前景.(4)福建沿海海域波浪能具有波功率密度低、资源分布广泛且不均匀、波功率密度随季节变化、能量具有多向性等分布特点.(5)基于福建波浪能的开发与利用现状,建议应优先着眼于解决边远海岛等特殊场所的用电问题.     

近岸水下扇沉积体系高精度层序地层学研究

以东营凹陷胜北断层下降盘坨85块沙河街组沙三中亚段近岸水下扇沉积体为例,对近岸水下扇沉积体系下的高精度层序地层学进行了研究。经过分析认为,近岸水下扇沉积体系中的高精度层序地层单元划分为准层序组、准层序、层组、层四级,并对准层序和层组的类型和对比方法进行了总结。将近岸水下扇积体系中的层组类型划分为Fu(Fineup)、Cu(Coareseup)和Hu(Homogenicup)三大类,准层序类型划分为Cu-Fu、Cu-Cu、Cu-Hu三大类,同时总结出了沿物源方向的相序递变和垂直物源方向的侵蚀切割对比2种准层序对比模式和侵蚀叠置、相变对比、薄砂层对比、相似渐变等4种层组对比模式。     

东营凹陷盐家地区沙四上亚段砂砾岩储层岩相与物性关系

依据岩性、粒度、沉积构造等特征,将东营凹陷盐家地区沙四上亚段近岸水下扇砂砾岩体划分为10种岩相类型和13种在一次沉积事件中形成的岩相组合类型,并将其岩相组合类型划分为3大类6小类。针对砂砾岩储层在任一深度物性范围变化较大的问题,遵循"岩相组合类型-岩相类型-距砂泥接触面距离"的研究思路,采用逐步分解的方法,建立"岩相组合类型-岩相类型-距砂泥接触面距离"约束下的物性纵向演化图,结果显示任一深度物性参数变化范围相对较小,各岩相类型储层孔隙度的变化一般为±2%,渗透率的变化一般在一个数量级以内。对比分析各岩相类型物性图可知:随埋深增加,各岩相类型远泥岩部位储层物性整体变差;同一深度,由Ⅰ型岩相类型到Ⅱ型岩相类型物性变好。与远泥岩的各岩相组合底部岩相类型相比,扇中比扇根部位各级别孔隙度和渗透率的深度上限增加了800~1 200 m;与远泥岩的各岩相组合中上部岩相类型相比,扇中比扇根部位各级别孔隙度和渗透率的深度上限增加了1 100~1 650 m。扇中近泥岩部位和扇缘薄层砂因发生强烈胶结作用而使物性变差,在3 400 m以下基本为超低孔超低渗储层。