Nearshore circulation over transverse bar and rip morphology with oblique wave forcing

There is a paucity of field data to describe the transition in nearshore circulation between alongshore, meandering and rip current systems. A combination of in‐situ current meters and surf zone drifters are used to characterize the nearshore circulation over a transverse bar and rip morphology at Pensacola Beach, Florida in the presence of relatively low energy oblique waves. Current speeds vary in response to the relative wave height ratio (H_s/h), which defines the degree and extent of breaking over the shoal. In the absence of wave breaking the nearshore circulation was dominated by an alongshore current driven by the oblique waves. As waves begin to break across the shoal (0.2<H_s/ h<0.5) the nearshore circulation is characterized by a meandering alongshore current. As conditions became more dissipative (H_s/h>0.5), the meandering current is replaced by an unsteady rip circulation that moves offshore between the shoals before turning alongshore in the direction of wave advance outside the surf zone. The increase in wave dissipation is associated with an increase in very low frequency (VLF) variations in the current speed across the shoal and in the rip channel that caused the circulation to oscillate between an offshore and an alongshore flow. The unsteady nature of the nearshore circulation is responsible for 55% of all surf zone exits under these more dissipative conditions. In contrast, only 29% of the drifters released from the shoal exited the surf zone and bypassed the adjacent shoal with the alongshore‐meandering current. While the currents had a low velocity (maximum of ~0.4 m s^‐1) and would not pose a significant hazard to the average swimmer, the results of this study suggest that the transverse bar and rip morphology is sufficient to create an alongshore variation in wave dissipation that forces alongshore meandering and low‐energy rip circulation systems under oblique wave forcing. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

南海北部莺歌海岭头岬近岸烃类渗漏喷口分布及气体地球化学

Natural hydrocarbon seeps in a marine environment are one of the important contributors to greenhouse gases in the atmosphere,including methane,which is significant to the global carbon cycling and climate change.Four hydrocarbon seep areas,the Lingtou Promontory,the Yinggehai Rivulet mouth,the Yazhou Bay and the Nanshan Promontory,occurring in the Yinggehai Basin delineate a near-shore gas bubble zone.The gas composition and geochemistry of venting bubbles and the spatial distribution of hydrocarbon seeps are surveyed on the near-shore Lingtou Promontory.The gas composition of the venting bubbles is mainly composed of CO_2,CH_4,N_2 and O_2,with minor amounts of non-methane hydrocarbons.The difference in the bubbles' composition is a possible consequence of gas exchange during bubble ascent.The seepage gases from the seafloor are characterized by a high CO_2 content(67.35%) and relatively positive δ~(13)C_(V_PDB) values(-0.49×10~(-3)-0.86×10~(-3)),indicating that the CO_2 is of inorganic origin.The relatively low CH_4 content(23%) and their negative δ~(13)C_(V-PDB) values(-34.43×10~(-3)--37.53×10~(-3)) and high ratios of C_1 content to C_(1-5) one(0.98-0.99)as well point to thermogenic gases.The hydrocarbon seeps on the 3.5 Hz sub-bottom profile display a linear arrangement and are sub-parallel to the No.1 fault,suggesting that the hydrocarbon seeps may be associated with fracture activity or weak zones and that the seepage gases migrate laterally from the central depression of the Yinggehai Basin.     

潍北凹陷孔二段沉积特征

综合运用岩心、钻井、测井及地震资料,对潍北凹陷古近系孔二段地层特征及沉积演化进行了系统研究。结果表明,潍北凹陷孔二段可以划分为两个中期旋回和9个短期旋回。受到早期古城-潍河口断裂强烈活动的影响,在盆地西北部存在一个沉积沉降中心,地层向南部超覆,由北向南变薄。孔二段主要发育扇三角洲相和湖泊相,古城-潍河口断裂下降盘发育小规模近岸水下扇相。孔二下亚段为盆地初始形成期沉积,湖盆水体较浅,半深湖相仅在古城-潍河口断层下降盘发育,物源供给少且粒度较细;孔二中亚段沉积时期,物源供给充足,南部斜坡带、瓦城断阶带和灶户断鼻带发育大规模的扇三角洲相,扇体前端发育大规模滨浅湖滩坝相;孔二上亚段沉积时期,湖盆水体最深,发育大范围的半湖相沉积,物源供给减少,南部斜坡带、瓦城断阶带和灶户断鼻带继承性发育扇三角洲相,但分布范围变小。扇三角洲前缘水下分流河道砂体、浊积扇及滩坝砂体是孔二段的有利储集砂体。     

东营凹陷北带东部古近系近岸水下扇储集物性演化及其油气成藏模式

以东营凹陷北带东部沙河街组三段、四段近岸水下扇为例,应用多种方法求取近岸水下扇有效储层物性下限与埋藏深度的定量函数关系,以此为基础研究了近岸水下扇不同亚相的孔隙度随深度的演化及其对油气成藏的控制作用。埋藏深度小于3200m的近岸水下扇扇根、扇中、扇缘亚相均发育有效储层,主要形成"自生自储"或"古生新储"型构造油气藏或构造-岩性油气藏。埋藏深度大于3200m的近岸水下扇扇根砂砾岩物性低于有效储层物性下限,不发育有效储层,可作为油气侧向封堵层,扇中砂砾岩有效储层发育。物性变化使扇中亚相依靠扇根的侧向封堵和湖相泥岩的封盖形成"自生自储"型岩性油气藏,具有"扇缘输导、扇中富集、扇根封堵"的油气成藏特征。