Saldanha Bay,South Africa III: new production and carrying capacity for bivalve aquaculture

Measurements of NH₄, NO₃, urea and HCO₃ uptake using 15N and 13C stable isotope tracers were undertaken in Saldanha Bay, South Africa, between January 2012 and January 2013. These studies provide the first direct measurements of N utilisation by the plankton in the bay. Primary production in the bay is driven predominantly by the advection of nutrients from the neighbouring shelf environment during upwelling events, with terrestrial and other sources providing minor inputs. New production (NO₃-based) was calculated from the f-ratio and total primary production and was used to provide estimates of potential carrying capacity for bivalve culture. Despite the apparent light limitation of NO3 uptake in the winter, the availability of NO₃ appeared to exert the major influence on new production throughout the year. In addition, new production was modulated by NH₄ availability as shown by the suppression of NO₃ uptake by concentrations higher than 1?1.5?mmol m^?3. The estimated areal new production of 0.60?g C m^?2 d^?1 yielded a bay-wide annual estimate of 9 811 t C ha^?1 y^?1, slightly higher than previous calculations based on physical models. It is estimated that the total annual production of mussels and oysters, respectively, for a 1 000-ha cultivation area is approximately 40 000–53 000 t y^?1 (mainly Mytilus galloprovincialis) and 4 600–6 000 t y^?1 (Crassotrea gigas). The combined total production figures constitute only 24–31% of the surplus new production. A combined harvestable carrying capacity of 74 000–82 000 t y^?1 can be calculated from this surplus. However, from a management and ecological perspective, bivalve culture should be limited to well below this theoretical maximum. Even with this constraint, there appears to be considerable scope for expansion of bivalve farming over the modest, present levels with little jeopardy to ecological integrity.     

Accumulation and depuration of pectenotoxins in brown crab Cancer pagurus

Pectenotoxins (PTXs) are a group of marine algal toxins. In this study, the accumulation and depuration of pectenotoxins in brown crab Cancer pagurus were investigated. Crabs were fed with toxic blue mussels Mytilus edulis for 21 days and then depurated for 42 days. Toxins were extracted with methanol from the digestive glands of contaminated crabs, uncontaminated crabs (control group) and from blue mussels for comparison. Extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatograph coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). The concentrations of PTX-2, PTX-2 SA, 7-epi-PTX-2 SA, and PTX-12 were analyzed in two batches of toxic blue mussels and the crabs. A one-compartment model was applied to describe the depuration of PTXs. The half-life of PTXs was estimated to be 6-7.5 days. After depuration for 42 days, the amount of PTXs measured in the crab digestive glands was less than 1 μg/kg.     

贻贝发育早期酯酶和过氧化物酶活性

采用组织化学和分光光度技术对贻贝(Mytilus edulis)发育早期酯酶(Esterase,EST)和过氧化物酶(Per-oxidase,POD)活性进行了研究,以探讨贝类早期发育过程中的免疫防御机制。EST和POD均存在于贻贝的卵母细胞、胚胎和幼虫中,但在各个发育时期的分布和含量不同。组织化学定位结果表明,从卵母细胞到D型面盘幼虫各个发育时期的胚胎和幼虫均呈EST强阳性和POD阳性;卵母细胞核区较大且颜色较浅;桑椹期开始出现不同细胞阳性的强弱差异;原肠胚、担轮幼虫和D型面盘幼虫细胞间阳性强弱的差异逐步增大。分光光度测定结果表明,α-醋酸酯酶活力,卵母细胞最低,受精卵略有提高,卵裂期胚胎提高较大且达最高峰,囊胚、原肠胚和担轮幼虫又逐渐下降,D型面盘幼虫下降较大;α-丁酸酯酶活力,卵母细胞较高,受精卵略有提高且达到最高峰,卵裂期胚胎到D型面盘幼虫各个时期逐渐下降,D型面盘幼虫最低。不依赖卤素POD活力,卵母细胞最低,受精卵提高较大,囊胚达到最高峰,原肠胚、担轮幼虫和D型面盘幼虫逐渐降低。依赖卤素POD活力与不依赖卤素POD活力的变化规律相似,但受精卵提高较小,而卵裂期提高较大。EST和POD可能在贻贝的发育早期抵抗病原微生物侵染方面发挥重要作用。     

The intermingling of benthic macroinvertebrate communities during a period of shifting range: The “East of Nantucket” Atlantic Surfclam Survey and the existence of transient multiple stable states

A survey of the region eastward of Nantucket provided an opportunity to examine the cold temperate–boreal boundary along the high‐energy Great South Channel. Here described are the benthic macroinvertebrate community types encountered, with a focus on the influence of climate change on the range boundaries of the benthic biomass dominants and the potential existence of transient multiple stable states. The survey identified three primary community types. The shallowest sites were occupied by a surfclam‐dominated community, comprising an abundance of large (≥150 mm) surfclams, and a few common attached epibiota primarily attached to exposed surfclam shell. Two communities exist at intermediate depths, one dominated by submarket and small market‐size surfclams (<150 mm) and the other, created by mussel mats and their attendant epibiota, crabs, sea urchins, and other mobile epifauna. Mussels are a foundational species, establishing a hard‐bottom terrain conducive to these other denizens in soft‐bottom habitat. Cobbles were nearly ubiquitous, rocks were routinely recovered, and boulders were encountered occasionally. Slow growing attached epibionts were exceedingly rare and mobile epifauna were not obviously associated with these large sedimentary particles; nor were the surfclam or mussel communities. The frequency of barnacle scars suggests sediment scour under the high‐flow regime characteristic of the surveyed region, which voids the habitat potential of these sedimentary particles. The abundance of surfclam shell indicates that surfclams have inhabited the shoaler depths for an extended time; limited shell at deeper sites supports the inference from the absence of large animals that these sites are relatively newly colonized and represent further evidence of an offshore shift in range brought on by increasing bottom water temperatures. The dichotomous nature of the two primary community types at mid‐depths suggests that these two communities represent multiple stable states brought on by the interaction of an invading cold temperate species with the receding boreal fauna resulting in a transient intermingling of species, which, however, structure the habitat into exclusionary stable states rather than overlapping in a co‐occurrence ecotone.     

Spatiotemporal variation of streambed quality and fine sediment deposition in five freshwater pearl mussel streams,in relation to extreme drought,strong rain and snow melt

Oxygenated streambeds are considered a key requirement for the successful recruitment of stream fauna, including highly endangered freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera. Excessive amounts of fines impede exchange between open water and interstitial, leading to colmation and low oxygen levels in the juvenile habitat. Understanding the dynamic relationship between sediment delivery, transport, deposition and remobilization in relation to anthropogenic drivers is still poorly understood, yet is essential for conservation and restoration.This study analysed spatiotemporal sediment dynamics and interstitial habitat quality in five pearl mussel streams at the border region between Bavaria, Saxony and the Czech Republic during 2018 and 2019, comparing extremely dry periods with higher discharge events caused by snow melt and rainfall. Physicochemical habitat conditions within the streambed and sediment deposition were recorded in high spatial resolution along the stream courses, with a particular focus on the effects of tributaries and outflows of man-made fishponds.Habitat conditions were unsuitable for juvenile pearl mussels at the majority of sites, indicated by pronounced differences in physicochemical parameters between open water and the substrate, independent of discharge conditions. Sediment deposition varied markedly between discharge events, in terms of both the quality and quantity of deposits. Snow melt resulted in the highest sedimentation rates, but the smallest proportion of fine particles. During low flow conditions, fine sediment deposition was highly variable, ranging from 0.048 to 4.170 kg/week/m², mostly independent of flow velocity. High spatiotemporal variation was observed within and amongst stream systems, revealing different longitudinal patterns of fine sediment deposition, with catchment land use as the main driver. Temporal variability in sediment deposition was mainly associated with the discharge condition while abiotic parameters varied mainly with season.The high site-specificity of sedimentation rates and substrate conditions in response to different discharge events highlights the importance of an adapted conservation management which considers anthropogenic effects at the local scale.     

贻贝在不同贮藏温度下磷脂含量变化初步研究

对贮藏在２０℃、５℃、－ １０℃和－ １８℃温度下的鲜活紫贻贝做了磷脂总量变化的研究,运用高压液相和比色法检测了贻贝在不同贮藏温度和时间下的磷脂组分及其含量。发现在－ １８℃贮藏２０ｄ,磷脂总量损失了２４．６４％ ,而在２０℃放置１ｄ,就损失２１．８４％ 。说明磷脂酶活性受温度的影响很大     

贻贝养殖区底层鱼类群落结构特征分析

采用相对丰度、种类丰富度、多样性和均匀度以及相似性指数,结合丰度生物量比较曲线、等级聚类和生物与环境相关分析等多元统计方法对贻贝养殖和泥地生境中的鱼类组成、群落时空格局及其与环境因子间的关系作了比较研究。结果在两生境共采集鱼类41种,其中MF为35种,SB为25种。MF中以皮氏叫姑鱼(Johnius belangerii)和小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)为代表的石首鱼科鱼类的优势度皆高于同期的SB,且褐菖鲉(Sebastiscus marmoratus)和星康吉鳗(Conger myriaster)成为MF的季节性优势种。但鲬(Platycephalus indicus)和黄鮟鮟(Lophius litulon)等泥地优势种在MF却较为少见。单变量分析表明两生境间各季度种类组成中等不相似。春夏季MF站位的群落丰度密度和物种多样性比SB高,但两生境间各指标并无显著差异。多变量分析显示3个站位的群落格局皆有显著的季节变化,且2生境间群落组成差异明显。ABC分析揭示幼小鱼类的数量优势在MF站位要比SB更明显,群落稳定性高于后者。BIOENV分析显示溶解氧皆为两生境鱼类群落组成的最大相关因子。研究表明,相对于同期的泥地生境,贻贝养殖对鱼类群落结构及其多样性并无显著影响,但养殖活动对石首鱼科鱼类和一些趋礁鱼类的种群可能起到了积极的养护作用,同时也为幼小鱼类提供了更多的人工庇护所。     

几种海洋生物体内硒含量的测定

本文用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法直接测定几种海洋生物体内的硒含量。本方法的最低检出限为３０ｐｇ，变异系数低于５．９％，回收率９４％－９９％。测定发现；褐藻含硒量比红藻和绿藻低，紫贻贝和海湾扇贝的外套膜中硒含量远远高于肌肉组织。     

贻贝外套膜富硒液的研究

提出以贻贝的外套膜为主要原料，通过多种酶水解及其它工艺处理，研制出贻贝外套膜富硒液。分析表明，提取液富含天然有机硒、锌、铁、铜、锰微量元素及丰富的维吐素Ａ、维生素Ｅ、必需氨基酸等多种天然营养物质。     

石油对紫贻贝早期发育影响的研究

紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis L.)不同发育阶段,对海洋石油污染的敏感性差异很大。本文初步研究了20号轻柴油,对胚胎和早期面盘幼虫生长发育的影响。研究结果表明,低浓度污染(1.25、2.50mg·L~(-1)),对早期生长率的影响较小;中等浓度(5.00mg·L~(-1))对生长率的影响显著(P<0.05);高浓度污染(10.00mg·L~(-1)),影响极显著(P<0.01)。油污染对早期发育死亡率影响较明显,随着浓度梯度的增加,早期发育阶段死亡率也随之增加。实验过程中发现,石油污染,对紫贻贝担轮幼虫阶段,有较强的致畸效应,而对面盘幼虫阶段的致畸效应,有所下降。随着胚胎不断发育,畸形个体大量死亡,畸形率有下降的趋势。